NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
By: Rafi Ullah
Contents to be Covered
BasicTerminologies
Population
Sample and Sampling
Advantages & Disadvantages
of Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling
Some Terminologies
Population or Universe: The group
of people, items or units under investigation
and includes every individual.
Sample: A collection consisting of a part or
SUBSET of the objects or individuals of
population which is selected for the purpose,
representing the population
Sampling: It is the process of selecting a
sample from the population. For this population
is divided into a number of parts called Sampling
Units.
Need of Sampling
Large population can be conveniently
covered.
Time, money and energy is saved.
Helpful when units of area are
homogenous.
Used when percent accuracy is not
acquired.
Used when the data is unlimited.
Advantages of Sampling
Economical: Reduce the cost compare to entire
population.
Increased speed: Collection of data, analysis and
Interpretation of data etc take less time than the
population.
Accuracy: Due to limited area of coverage,
completeness and accuracy is possible.
Rapport: Better rapport is established with the
respondents, which helps in validity and reliability of
the results
Disadvantages of Sampling
Biasedness: Chances of biased selection
leading to incorrect conclusion
Selection of true representative
sample: Sometimes it is difficult to select the
right representative sample
Need for specialized knowledge: The
researcher needs knowledge, training and
experience in sampling technique, statistical
analysis and calculation of probable error
Impossibility of sampling: Sometimes
population is too small or too heterogeneous to
select a representative sample.
Characteristics of a Good Sample
A true representative of the population.
Free from error due to bias.
Adequate in size for being reliable.
Units of sample should be independent and
relevant
Units of sample should be complete precise
and up to date
Free from random sampling error
Avoiding substituting the original sample
for convenience.
Types of Sampling
1. Probability Sampling: A probability
sample is one in which each member of
the population has an equal chance of
being selected.
2. Non-Probability Sampling:
Nonprobability Sample a particular
member of the population being chosen is
unknown.
In probability sampling, randomness is
the element of control. In Non-probability
sampling, it relies on personal judgment.
Non Probability Sampling
1. Purposive Sampling: Researcher selects a
"typical group" of individuals who might
represent the larger population and then
collects data from this group. Also known as
Judgmental Sampling.
2. Convenience Sampling : Obtaining
units or members who are most
conveniently available. It consists of units
which are obtained because cases are
readily available.
Researcher determines the required sample
size and then simply collects data on that
number of individuals who are available easily.
3. Quota Sampling: The selection of the sample
is made by the researcher, who decides the
quotas for selecting sample from specified sub
groups of the population.
For example, an interviewer might be needed
data from 40 adults and 20 adolescents in
order to study students’ television viewing
habits.
Selection will be
20 Adult men and 20 adult women
10 adolescent girls and 10 adolescent boys
4. Snowball Sampling:
In snowball sampling, the researcher
Identifying and selecting available
respondents who meet the criteria for
inclusion.
After the data have been collected from the
subject, the researcher asks for a referral
of other individuals, who would also meet
the criteria and represent the population of
concern.
chain sampling, chain-referral, sampling
referral sampling
Instrument?
Is
the generic term that
researchers use for a
measurement device like survey,
test questionnaire, and many
others. There are 2 categories of
instruments namely:
INSTRUMENTATION
Researcher- Completed Subject-Completed
Instruments Instruments
Rating scales Questionnaires
Interview schedule/ guides Self- Checklists
Tally sheets Attitude Scales
Flowcharts Personality inventories
Performance checklists Achievement/ aptitude tests
Time-and- motion logs Projective devices
Observation Forms Sociometric devices
Validity?
Refers to the extent to which the
instrument measures what it
intends to measure and performs
as it is designed to perform.
Types of Validity Description
CONTENT VALIDITY The extent to which a research instrument
accurately measures all aspects of a
construct.
CONSTRUCT VALIDITY The extent to which the research
instrument measures the intended
construct
CRITERION VALIDITY The extent to which the research
instrument is related to other instruments
that measure the same variables.
Reliability?
To
which the instrument is
consistent.
Attributes Description
CONTENT VALIDITY The extent to which a research instrument
accurately measures all aspects of a
construct.
CONSTRUCT VALIDITY The extent to which the research
instrument measures the intended
construct
CRITERION VALIDITY The extent to which the research
instrument is related to other instruments
that measure the same variables.
