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Lecture Class Diagrams

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23 views

Lecture Class Diagrams

Uploaded by

mahder
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Components of Process

Control System
Open loop System
Example: Room temperature Control System
Closed loop Control System
From the previous block Diagram
• Control Objective: maintain house temperature at SP in spite of disturbances
• Process Variable: house temperature
• Measurement Sensor: thermistor; or bimetallic strip coil on analog models
• Measured Process Variable (PV) Signal: signal transmitted from the
thermistor
• Set Point (SP): desired house temperature
• Controller Output (CO): signal to fuel valve actuator and furnace burner
• Final Control Element (FCE): solenoid valve for fuel flow to furnace
• Manipulated Variable: fuel flow rate to furnace
• Disturbances (D): heat loss from doors, walls and windows; changing outdoor
temperature; sunrise and sunset; rain…
Draw the block diagram of the Mixer
tank shown below
Chemical Reactor Temperature Control
•The purpose of this control system is to ensure the chemical solution inside the
reactor vessel is maintained at a constant temperature.

•As team-heated “jacket” envelops the reactor vessel, transferring heat from the
steam into the chemical solution inside.

•The control system maintains a constant temperature by measuring the


temperature of the reactor vessel, and throttling s team from a b oiler to the s
team jacket to add more or less heat as needed.
Chapter Two: Process Control Loops

• Control loops can be divided into two categories: Single variable loops and
multi-variable loops.
Single Variable Control Loops
FEEDBACK CONTROL
• A feedback loop measures a process variable and sends the measurement
to a controller for comparison to setpoint. If the process variable is not at
setpoint, control action is taken to return the process variable to setpoint.
• The advantage of a feedback loop is that it directly controls the desired
process variable. The disadvantage to feedback loops is that the process
variable must leave setpoint for action to be taken.
Feedback Control loop for Temperature in the
Tank
PRESSURE CONTROL LOOPS
FLOW CONTROL LOOPS
LEVEL CONTROL LOOPS
TEMPERATURE CONTROL LOOPS
Multi – Variable/ Advanced
Control Loops
•FEEDFORWARD CONTROL
The basic idea of feedforward control is to take action before a disturbance
reaches the process. That means in feedforward control configuration, the
disturbance is detected as it enters the process and an appropriate change is
made in the manipulated variable such that the controlled variable is held
constant. In this case, the corrective action begins as soon as a disturbance
enters the system.
Feed forward control Block Diagram representation
Comparison between Feedback and
Feedforward Control principles
• Feedback control loops can never achieve perfect control of a process, that
is, keep the output of the process continuously at the desired set point value
in the presence of load or set point changes. The reason is simple: A
feedback controller reacts only after it has detected a deviation in the value
of the output from the desire setpoint.

• Unlike the feedback systems, a feedforward control configuration measure


the disturbance (load) directly and takes control action to eliminate its
impact on the process output. Therefore, feedforward controllers have the
theoretical potential for the perfect control.
FEEDFORWARD PLUS FEEDBACK control loop
CASCADE CONTROL LOOP
• Cascade control is a common control technique that uses two controllers
with one feedback loop nested inside the other. The output of the primary
controller acts as the set point for the secondary controller. The controller of
the primary loop determines the setpoint of the summing controller in the
secondary loop
• In cascade control the output of one controller may be used to manipulate
the set point of another. The two controllers are then said to be cascaded,
one upon the other. Each controller will have its own measurement input,
but only the primary controller can have an independent set point and only
the secondary controller has an output to the process. The manipulated
variable, the secondary controller, and its measurement constitute a closed
loop within the primary loop.
Example:
Temperature Control using cascade control
principle
Block Diagram representation
Advantages & disadvantages of Cascade control

• Advantages:
Primary Loop:
• regulates part of the process having slower dynamics
• calculates setpoint for the secondary loop
Secondary Loop:
• regulates part of process having faster dynamics
• maintain secondary variable at the desired target given by primary controller
• The principal advantages of cascade control are the following:
• Disturbances occurring in the secondary loop are corrected by the secondary controller before they can affect
the primary, or main, variable.
• The secondary controller can significantly reduce phase lag in the secondary loop, thereby improving the speed
or response of the primary loop.
• Gain variations due to nonlinearity in the process or actuator in the secondary loop are corrected within that
loop.
• The secondary loop enables exact manipulation of the flow of mass or energy by the primary controller.
• Disadvantages:
• Multiple control loops make physical and computational architecture more complex
• Additional controllers and sensors can be costly
Thank you

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