Introduction to SQL:

History,Importance, and
Basic Concepts
PRESENTED BY- MAYANK CHATURVEDI
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Agenda
:
1.Introduction
2.History
3.Importance
4.Concepts and Commands
5.Conclusion
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What is SQL?
SQL, or Structured Query Language, is the standard
language for managing relational databases. It is
designed to perform tasks such as retrieving specific
data from a table (using SELECT), adding new records
(INSERT), modifying existing data (UPDATE), or deleting
records (DELETE). This slide clarifies what SQL is and
emphasizes its role as the primary tool for interacting
with databases.
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History of SQL
In 1970s IBM first developed SQL for the
System R project. It was based on Edgar F.
Codd’s relational model, which transformed
data management. SQL became the first
widely-used database language, with Oracle
introducing a commercial SQL-based
RDBMS in 1979. In 1986, SQL was
Edgar F.Codd
standardized by ANSI, solidifying its role in
database management and leading to its
widespread adoption globally.
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Origins of SQL - The 1970s
The 1970s saw the birth of SQL in IBM’s System R
project, which was based on Dr. Codd’s relational model
for databases. The original goal was to create a user-
friendly language to query relational databases. SEQUEL
(Structured English Query Language) was chosen as the
working name for the language. SQL evolved from these
early projects to become the standardized query
language for relational databases that we use today.
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SQL Evolution
SQL has evolved over time, with new features being
added to support the growing needs of data
management. The first ANSI SQL standard was published
in 1986, and it was followed by major updates like SQL-
89, SQL-92, SQL-99, SQL:2003, and more. Each iteration
introduced new features such as support for procedural
extensions, object-relational mapping, and XML handling,
making SQL a powerful and flexible tool for modern
database management.
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Importance of
SQLlanguage for managing databases. It allows
SQL is the essential
users to retrieve, manipulate, and organize data efficiently. It is
crucial for manipulating and managing data, defining database
structures, and is highly portable across platforms. SQL's
ability to integrate with other applications and systems makes it
invaluable for businesses. Proficiency in SQL opens doors to
rewarding careers in database administration, development, and
data analysis.
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Real-World Applications
of
SQL isSQL
the backbone of most modern applications,
particularly those requiring structured data. From
enterprise applications to web applications, SQL plays a
vital role in retrieving and managing the data that
powers these systems. SQL also integrates with
emerging technologies, including big data frameworks,
cloud platforms, and machine learning systems, making
it indispensable in both traditional and modern IT
landscapes.
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Real-World
Applications of SQL
SQL is widely used across various industries and fields due to its
versatility and power. Here are some real-world examples:
• Business: Inventory management, customer relationship
management (CRM), financial reporting, and sales analysis.
• Science: Research data analysis, genomic databases, and
scientific simulations.
• Government: Census data, public records, and law
enforcement databases.
• Technology: Web development, data warehousing, and
artificial intelligence.
These applications demonstrate the broad applicability of SQL in
solving complex data-related problems.
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SQL vs.
SQL: Itcompares NoSQL
relationaland non-relational
databases. SQL databases are structured, use a fixed
schema, and are ideal for managing structured data,
with vertical scaling.
NoSQL: These databases offer more flexibility, handling
unstructured data, and scale horizontally. SQL is suited
for complex queries and ACID compliance, while NoSQL is
better for large-scale, dynamic applications like real-time
data and distributed systems.
 Key Benefits of SQL
SQL’s key benefits include its ease of learning due to its
English-like syntax, data integrity through constraints
like primary and foreign keys, and transaction
management that ensures data consistency, isolation,
and durability (ACID properties). SQL also allows for
complex queries and large-scale data manipulation,
making it a powerful and reliable tool for managing
relational databases.
 Types of SQL Statements

SQL statements can be broadly categorized into four types:

•DDL (Data Definition Language): Statements like CREATE,
ALTER, and DROP that define and modify database structures (e.g.,
tables, views).
•DML (Data Manipulation Language): Statements like SELECT,
INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE used to query and modify data.
•DCL (Data Control Language): Statements like GRANT and
REVOKE to manage database permissions.
•TCL (Transaction Control Language): Statements like
COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT to manage database
transactions.
/10 Basic SQL Concepts
• Tables: Structured data storage with rows
and columns.
• Rows (Records): Individual entries in a
table.
• Columns (Fields): Categories or
attributes of data (e.g., Name, Age).
• Primary Key: A unique identifier for each
Simple Database
Diagram record, ensuring no duplicates.
• Foreign Key: A link between tables,
referencing a primary key in another table
to maintain relationships.
 Basic SQL Syntax
SQL syntax follows a straightforward and consistent
structure. Basic SQL queries are composed of clauses
such as SELECT (what data to retrieve), FROM (which
table), and WHERE (conditions to filter results).
Understanding SQL’s syntax is the first step in writing efficient
queries, and mastering the structure is critical for working with
relational databases.
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Basic SQL Statements

The core SQL statements used for interacting with

databases. These statements include:
• SELECT: Retrieves data from tables based on specified
conditions.
• INSERT: Adds new data to a table.
• UPDATE: Modifies existing data within a table.
• DELETE: Removes data from a table.
• CREATE: Creates new tables or databases.
• DROP: Deletes existing tables or databases.
Basic SQL Query Structure
This slide focuses on the basic structure of an SQL
query. A typical SQL query follows this pattern:
SELECT column_name FROM table_name
WHERE condition;. For instance, to retrieve
employee names from an employees table where the
department is 'Sales', the query would look like
SELECT name FROM employees WHERE
department = 'Sales';. This structure is the
foundation of SQL query writing.
Creating Databases & Tables (DDL)
SQL provides commands for creating and
defining the structure of databases and tables.
The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to
create a new database, and the CREATE TABLE
statement is used to define the columns and data
types for a table. Constraints like PRIMARY KEY
and NOT NULL can also be added to enforce data
integrity at this stage.
 Manipulating Data (DML)
Data manipulation is one of the most common uses
of SQL. The INSERT statement is used to add new
rows of data into a table, UPDATE modifies existing
data, and DELETE removes data. These operations
allow users to maintain and manage the data in the
database, ensuring it remains accurate and up-to-date.
 Retrieving Data (SELECT)
The SELECT statement is the most commonly used
SQL command for retrieving data. It allows users to
specify which columns of data they want and from which
table. The WHERE clause can filter results based on
specified conditions, and the ORDER BY clause can be
used to sort the results. The SELECT statement is
versatile and can be used to perform complex queries.
 Updating Data (UPDATE)
SQL provides the UPDATE statement to modify
existing data in the database. It allows users to change
one or more fields of a specific record or multiple
records. The WHERE clause is crucial in specifying
which rows to update; without it, all rows could be
updated, which can result in unwanted changes.
 Deleting Data (DELETE)
The DELETE statement is used to remove records
from a table. Like UPDATE, it is important to use the
WHERE clause to specify which rows to delete;
otherwise, all rows in the table will be deleted. In
practice, users often perform a SELECT query first to
verify the data they are about to delete.
Filtering Data (WHERE Clause)
The WHERE clause in SQL is used to filter records
based on specified conditions. It can include
operators like =, >, <, BETWEEN, IN, and LIKE,
which help refine the query results. Using WHERE,
you can ensure that your queries return only the
relevant data, making them more efficient and
focused.
 Sorting Data (ORDER BY)
The ORDER BY clause is used to sort the results of a
query. It can sort the data in ascending (ASC) or
descending (DESC) order. Sorting can be done on one or
more columns, which helps users organize their results in
a meaningful way, such as sorting employees by their hire
date or salary.
 Joining Tables (JOINS)
SQL allows users to combine data from multiple tables
using JOIN operations. There are various types of joins,
including INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and
FULL JOIN, each serving a different purpose in
combining related data. Joins are powerful tools for
querying data spread across multiple tables based on
common columns.
 SQL Constraints
SQL constraints are rules that enforce the integrity and
accuracy of the data in the database. Common
constraints include NOT NULL (ensures a column
cannot be empty), UNIQUE (ensures all values in a
column are distinct), PRIMARY KEY (uniquely identifies
records in a table), and FOREIGN KEY (ensures
referential integrity between tables).
 Transactions in SQL (TCL)
Transactions in SQL ensure that a series of
operations are completed successfully. SQL’s
Transaction Control Language (TCL) includes
commands like COMMIT (to save changes),
ROLLBACK (to undo changes), and SAVEPOINT
(to set a point within a transaction to which you can
later roll back). These features help maintain data
consistency even in the case of failures.
 Indexes in SQL
An index in SQL is a data structure that improves the
speed of data retrieval operations on a table at the cost
of additional space and slower updates. Creating an
index on frequently queried columns (e.g., employee
names) enhances performance for SELECT queries, as it
allows the database to locate data faster.
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Benefits of Learning
• SQL
Highly transferable skill: SQL is used across various industries.
• Easy to learn: Simple syntax but powerful for complex queries.
• Data management: Essential for handling and analyzing large
datasets.
• In-demand skill: SQL proficiency is highly sought after in the
job market.
• Boosts problem-solving: Enhances logical thinking and
database management capabilities.
• 4o
 Conclusion

SQL is the foundational language for managing relational

databases, with a rich history dating back to the 1970s.
SQL commands are categorized into DQL, DDL, DML, and
DCL. It plays a crucial role in industries reliant on data
management and analysis. Mastering SQL is important for
handling databases, retrieving data, and performing
operations on large datasets efficiently.
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Thank
You!!!