Module 3

Digital Electronics Fundamentals

 Multiplexer
• In electronics, a multiplexer is a device that
selects one among several analog or digital
input signals and forwards the selected input
into a single line.

• A multiplexer of inputs has select lines, which

are used to select which input line to send to
the output
Diagram of 8:1 Multiplexer
 8:1 Multiplexer contd..

• The circuit shown below is an 8*1 multiplexer.

The 8-to-1multiplexer requires 8 AND gates,
one OR gate and 3 selection lines. As an input,
the combination of selection inputs are giving
to the AND gate with the corresponding input
data lines.
 8:1 Multiplexer Working
• For the combination of selection input, the data line is
connected to the output line.
• The circuit shown below is an 8*1 multiplexer. The 8-to-1
multiplexer requires 8 AND gates, one OR gate and 3
selection lines.
• As an input, the combination of selection inputs are giving
to the AND gate with the corresponding input data lines.
• In a similar fashion, all the AND gates are given connection.
In this 8*1 multiplexer, for any selection line input, one AND
gate gives a value of 1 and the remaining all AND gates give
0. And, finally, by using OR gate, all the AND gates are
added; and, this will be equal to the selected value.
8:1 Multiplexer Truth Table
 Applications
• ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) Choose one of several registers to
be used as ALU input. A 2n to-1 MUX can be used to
implement arbitrary Boolean function of n variables, by
associating each input line of mux with a row of truth table
for the function.

• Communication system – Communication system is a set of

system that enable communication like transmission system,
relay and tributary station, and communication network. The
efficiency of communication system can be increased
considerably using multiplexer. Multiplexer allow the process
of transmitting different type of data such as audio, video at
the same time using a single transmission line.
 Applications
• Telephone network – In telephone network, multiple audio
signals are integrated on a single line for transmission with
the help of multiplexers. In this way, multiple audio signals
can be isolated and eventually, the desire audio signals reach
the intended recipients.
• Computer memory – Multiplexers are used to implement
huge amount of memory into the computer, at the same time
reduces the number of copper lines required to connect the
memory to other parts of the computer circuit.
• Transmission from the computer system of a satellite –
Multiplexer can be used for the transmission of data signals
from the computer system of a satellite or spacecraft to the
ground system using the GPS (Global Positioning System)
satellites.
 Decoder
• A decoder is a circuit which has ‘N’ inputs and
2n outputs.
• A decoder is a combinational logic circuit which is used
to change the code into a set of signals. It is the reverse
process of an encoder.
• A decoder circuit takes multiple inputs and gives
multiple outputs. A decoder circuit takes binary data of
‘n’ inputs into ‘2n’ unique output.
• In addition to input pins, the decoder has a enable pin.
This enables the pin when negated, makes the circuit
inactive. in this article, we discuss 3 to 8 line Decoder
and Multiplexer.
3 to 8 decoder
3 to 8 decoder circuit
3 to 8 decoder circuit Truth Table
 Decoder Applications
• Decode memory address and writes random
access memory
• Speed synchronization of multiple motors in
industries.
• War field flying robot with a night vision flying
camera.
• Robotic vehicle with the metal detector.
• RF based home automation system.
• Automatic health monitoring systems.
 Combinational logic circuits
• Combinational logic (sometimes also referred to as time-
independent logic) is a type of digital logic which is
implemented by Boolean circuits, where the output is a
pure function of the present input only.
 Sequential logic circuits

• Sequential logic is a type of logic circuit whose

output depends not only on the present value of its
input signals but on the sequence of past inputs.
 Introduction to Sequential Logic Ckts
• S-R Latch
ANIMATED WORKING OF SR LATCH
• ANIMATION
 Clock Signal
• Within a digital computer clock is used to
synchronize changes in the content of
memory elements.
• Clock signal denoted as
 Flip Flops
• Used for more precised synchronized operation.

• Are Edge-Triggered– meaning they can change

with change in the value of the clock signal,
that is on rising or falling edge.
• There 4 commonly used types of flip flops,
namely JK Flip flop, RS Flip flop, D Flip flop and
T Flip flop.
SR Flip flop
SR Flip flop
Clocked RS Flip Flop Truth Table
 SR Flip flop
• Logic symbol without clock

• Logic symbol with clock

 Clear and Preset in SR Flip flop

Making CLR=1 and PR=0 results in Q=0 and Q’=1- Thus clearing Flip flop.
Making CLR=0and PR=1 results in Q=1 and Q’=0- Thus Presetting Flip flop.

These are asynchronous inputs and does not need a clock pulse.
JK Flip flop
JK Flip flop
D Flip flop
D Flip flop
T Flip flop
T Flip flop
D Flip flop & T Flip flop Symbols
JK Master Slave Flip flop
JK Master Slave Flip flop
JK Master Slave Flip flop Truth Table
J K Q S R Qnext
0 0 0 0 0 No Change
0 0 1 0 0 No Change
0 1 0 0 0 0 ( Reset)
0 1 1 0 1 0 (Reset)
1 0 0 1 0 1 (Set)
1 0 1 0 1 1 (Set)
1 1 0 1 0 1 (Set)
1 1 1 0 1 0 (Reset)
 Shift Register
• A register that is designed to allow the bits of
its contents to be moved to left or right.
Serial In Parallel out Register
 Binary Counter
• Counter is a sequential circuit that counts
number of input pulses.
• If it counts in terms of binary then its called
BINARY COUNTER
• The counter output of n bit binary counter has
2n states and it can count from 0 to (2n -1)
• The number of states of counter is referred to
as its modulus. For n bit counter m< 2n
• Depend upon manner in which Flip flop are
triggered to count we divide in to 2 types,
– Asynchronous counter
– Synchronous counter
• Asynchronous Counter
– Flip flops are clocked sequentially
• Synchronous Counter
– Flip flops are clocked Simultaneously

– There fore Asynchronous is much slower than

Synchronous counter
Asynchronous Counter (Ripple Counters)
Asynchronous Counter (Ripple Counters)
Truth Table
Q2 Q1 Q0 Input Pulse Count
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 2
0 1 1 3
1 0 0 4
1 0 1 5
1 1 0 6
1 1 1 7
0 0 0 8
 Modulo-5 Ripple Counter
• As 23= 8 which is less than 5, so we need 3 T
flip flops.
 Modulo-5 Ripple Counter
• The counter will count only upto 5 states (0
to4) as soon as it reaches 5 (101) entire
counter resets.
• After reset again count starts from 000 to 100
MOD-16 Synchronous Counter
GENERAL MODEL OF SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF MOBILE
PHONES
• A cellular/mobile system provides full duplex
telephone operation and gives wireless
connectivity to PSTN- Public switched
Telephone Network
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF MOBILE
PHONES contd..
• Cell- It covers only several square Km area and
contain its own receiver and low power
transmitter.
• Cell shape may be ideal hexagon or circular or
other geometric shapes.
• Basic cellular system has base station , mobile
station and a Mobile switching center (MSC).
Its also known as MSTO-Mobile telephone
switching office
Block Diagram of GSM System
Cellular Telephone Unit
 Cellular Telephone Unit contd..
• 5 Units-
– Transmitter ( low power FM Transmitter- 825 to 845
Mhz, 12Khz deviation,66630 Khz transmit channel)
– Receiver- Has RF amplifier, FM Demodulator and
filters.
– Frequency Synthesizer- Used to generate various
signals required for transmitter and receiver.
– Logic Unit – Microprocessor based system controls
entire operation of MTSO and mobile unit.
– Control Unit- controls set of speaker, microphone
with touch tone dialing facility & stores memory like
numbers and dialing features.