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4.TCP IP Model

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4.TCP IP Model

Uploaded by

mrigendrachauhan01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

1

Why Another Model?


Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized,
the historical and technical open standard of the Internet is
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack


make data communication possible between any two
computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of
light.

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) created the TCP/IP


reference model because it wanted a network that could
survive any conditions, even a nuclear war.
2
Don’t Confuse the Models

7 Application
Process
6 Presentation
Application
5 Session
4 Transport Host to Host
3 Network Internet
2 Data Link Network Access
1 Physical 3
2 Models
Side-By-Side

7 Application
6 Presentation Process
5 Session Application

4 Transport Host to Host


3 Network Internet
2 Data Link Network Access
1 Physical
4
The Application Layer
The application
layer of the
TCP/IP model
handles high-
level protocols,
issues of
representation,
encoding, and
dialog control.

5
The Transport Layer

The transport layer provides transport services from the


source host to the destination host. It constitutes a
logical connection between these endpoints of the
network. Transport protocols segment and reassemble
upper-layer applications into the same data stream
between endpoints.
The transport layer data stream provides end-to-end
transport services. 6
The Internet Layer
The purpose of the Internet layer is to select
the best path through the network for packets
to travel. The main protocol that functions at
this layer is the Internet Protocol (IP). Best path
determination and packet switching occur at
this layer.

7
The Network Access Layer
The network access layer is also called the host-to-network
layer. It the layer that is concerned with all of the issues that
an IP packet requires to actually make a physical link to the
network media. It includes LAN and WAN details, and all the
details contained in the OSI physical and data-link layers. NOTE:
ARP & RARP work at both the Internet and Network Access
Layers.

8
Comparing TCP/IP & OSI Models

NOTE: TCP/IP transport layer using UDP does not always guarantee reliable
delivery of packets as the transport layer in the OSI model does.

9
Introduction to the Transport Layer

The primary duties of the transport layer, Layer 4 of the OSI model, are
to transport and regulate the flow of information from the source to
the destination, reliably and accurately.

End-to-end control and reliability are provided by sliding windows,


sequencing numbers, and acknowledgments.

10
More on The Transport Layer

The transport layer provides transport services from the source host
to the destination host.

It establishes a logical connection between the endpoints of the


network.
• Transport services include the following basic services:
• Segmentation of upper-layer application data
• Establishment of end-to-end operations
• Transport of segments from one end host to another
end host
• Flow control provided by sliding windows
• Reliability provided by sequence numbers and
acknowledgments
11
Flow Control
As the transport layer sends data segments, it tries to ensure that data is not lost.
A receiving host that is unable to process data as quickly as it arrives could be a cause of
data loss.

Flow control avoids the problem of a transmitting host overflowing the buffers in the
receiving host.

12
3-Way Handshake
TCP requires connection establishment before data transfer begins.
For a connection to be established or initialized, the two hosts must
synchronize their Initial Sequence Numbers (ISNs).

13
Basic Windowing
Data packets must be
delivered to the
recipient in the same
order in which they
were transmitted to
have a reliable,
connection-oriented
data transfer.
The protocol fails if any
data packets are lost,
damaged, duplicated, or
received in a different
order.
An easy solution is to
have a recipient
acknowledge the
receipt of each packet
before the next packet
is sent.
14
Sliding Window

15
Sliding Window
with Different Window Sizes

16
TCP Sequence & Acknowledgement

17
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented Layer 4 protocol
that provides reliable full-duplex data transmission.

TCP is part of the TCP/IP protocol stack. In a connection-oriented environment,


a connection is established between both ends before the transfer of
information can begin.
TCP is responsible for breaking messages into segments, reassembling them at
the destination station, resending anything that is not received, and
reassembling messages from the segments.TCP supplies a virtual circuit
between end-user applications.

The protocols that use TCP include:


• FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
• Telnet
18
TCP Segment Format

19
UDP
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is the connectionless transport protocol in the
TCP/IP protocol stack.

UDP is a simple protocol that exchanges datagrams, without acknowledgments


or guaranteed delivery. Error processing and retransmission must be handled
by higher layer protocols.

UDP uses no windowing or acknowledgments so reliability, if needed, is


provided by application layer protocols. UDP is designed for applications that
do not need to put sequences of segments together.

The protocols that use UDP include:


• TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)
• SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
• DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol)
• DNS (Domain Name System)
20
UDP Segment Format

21
Well Known Port Numbers
The following port numbers should be memorized:
NOTE:
The curriculum forgot to mention one of the most important port numbers.
Port 80 is used for HTTP or WWW protocols. (Essentially access to the internet.)

22
URL

23
SNMP – Managed Network

24
25
Base 2 Number System

101102 = (1 x 24 = 16) + (0 x 23 = 0) + (1 x 22 = 4) +
(1 x 21 = 2) + (0 x 20 = 0) = 22

26
Converting Decimal to Binary

Convert 20110 to binary:


201 / 2 = 100 remainder 1
100 / 2 = 50 remainder 0
50 / 2 = 25 remainder 0
25 / 2 = 12 remainder 1
12 / 2 = 6 remainder 0
6 / 2 = 3 remainder 0
3 / 2 = 1 remainder 1
1 / 2 = 0 remainder 1
When the quotient is 0, take all the remainders in reverse
order for your answer: 20110 = 110010012
27

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