Endogenic Processes :

Plutonism and
Volcanism
What is the process of Endogenic process
• Endogenic process in geology are a function of a body's
internal geodynamic activity. They comprise volcanic,
tectonic, and isostatic processes, which shaped the
surfaces of all terrestrial planets, the Moon, and basically
all other Solar System bodies with solid surfaces that
have been observed in some detail.
• An endogenic process is a geological process that was
formed, originated,and located below the surface of the
earth. It involves geologic activities such astectonic
movements, metamorphism, seismic activities and
magmatism.
 What is Volcanism in endogenic process
• Volcanism is an endogenic process where by planetary
bodies release their built-up internal heat, derived from
initial accretion, gravity-induced differentation, radioactive
elemental decay, friction from tectonic activity, and (in the
case of Jupiter's moon) tidal flexing of the crust and upper
mantle.
 What is Plutonism in endogenic process

• Plutonism is the geologic theory that the igneous rocks

forming the Earth originated from intrusive magmatic
activity, with a continuing gradual process of weathering
and erosion wearing away rocks, which were then
deposited on the sea bed, re-formed into layers of
sedimentary rock by heat and pressure, and raised again.
Endogenic Processes : Plutonism and Volcanism

• We know that Earth transmit seismic waves which makes

the planet solid for thousands of kilometer down to the
core-mantle boundary. The evidence of volcanic
eruptions, however, tells us that there must be liquid
regions where magma originates.
 What is the process of volcanism
• Volcanism is the eruption of molten rock from inside
the Earth to the surface. Volcanism occurs because of
Earth’s internal heat, and is associated with tectonic
processes and a part of the rock cycle. Volcanic eruptions
occur when molten lava reaches the surface of the Earth.
 What is the process of Plutonism

• Plutonism is the process by which magma rises through

the crust and crystallizes as an intrusive igneous
rock beneath the Earth's surface. Pluton is a generic
word for any igneous intrusive rock body.
• Magma is found beneath the surface of the Earth, and
evidence of magmatism has also been discovered on
other terrestrial planets and some natural satellites.
Thepoem below will give you an idea on the composition
and properties of magma.
 How is magma formed?
• Magma is formed under certain circumstances in special
location deep in thecrust or in the upper mantle. Magma
forms from partial melting of mantle rocks.
• Rocks undergo partial melting because the minerals that
compose them meltat different temperature. Partial
melting takes place because rocks are not pure
materials. As temperature rises, some minerals melt and
others remain solid. If thesame conditions are maintained
at any given temperature, the same mixture of solidand
melted rock is maintained. To visualize the partial melt,
think of how chocolatechip cookies would look if you
heated it to the point at which chocolate chips meltedwhile
the main part of the cookie stayed solid. The chips
represent the partial meltor magma
• To understand melting, pressure is also considered.
Pressure increases withdepth as a result of the increased
weight of overlying rock. Geologist found out thatas they
melted rocks under various pressures, higher pressure
led to higher melting points.

• The two main mechanisms through which rocks melt are

decompression melting and flux melting.
• Decompression melting takes place within Earth when a
body of rock is held at approximately the same
temperature but the pressure is reduced. This happens
because the rock is being moved toward the surface,
either at a mantle plume (a.k.a., hot spot), or in the
upwelling part of a mantle convection cell. If a rock that is
hot enough to be close to its melting point is moved
toward the surface, the pressure is reduced, and the rock
can pass to the liquid side of its melting curve. At this
point, partial melting starts to take place
• Flux melting happens if a rock is close to its melting
point and some wateror carbon dioxide is added to the
rock, the melting temperature is reduced and partial
melting starts

• As the magma moves toward the surface, and especially

when it moves from the mantle into the lower crust, it
interacts with the surrounding rock. This typically leads to
partial melting of the surrounding rock because most such
magmas are hotter than the melting temperature of
crustal rock.
• At very high temperatures (over 1300°C), most magma
are entirely liquid because there is too much energy for
the atoms to bond together. As the temperature drops,
usually because the magma is slowly moving upward,
things start to change.Silicon and oxygen combine to form
silica tetrahedra, and then, as cooling continues, the
tetrahedra start to link together to make chains
(polymerize). These silica chains have the important
effect of making the magma more viscous (less runny),
and magma viscosity has significant implications for
volcanic eruptions. As the magma continues to cool,
crystals start to form
 What happens after magma is formed?
• Magma escaped in two forms: Intrusion and Extrusion

• An intrusion is magma that moves up into a volcano

without erupting. Like a balloon, this causes the volcano
grows on the inside. What is meant by the intrusion of
magma is the inclusion of the rock layers forming the
earth's crust(magma does not get out).
 Plutonism
 Plutonism refers to all sorts of igneous geological
activities taking place belowthe Earth's surface

 In cases where magma infiltrates the Earth's crust but

fails to make it to the surface, the process of magma
differentiation gives birth to ideal conditions for
metallogenesis and that is a kind of Plutonism.
 This is the exact process that gives birth to magma,
when the presence ofvarious oxides, fluorine, sulfur, and
chlorine compounds that are necessary for the creation of
magma is guaranteed

The solidification and crystallization of magma takes

place mainly inside the Earth's interior
• When the process of crystallization takes place inside the crust,
the magmatic rocks produced are called plutonites, which is
another major category of igneous rock formation. Plutonites are
igneous rock formations that are created when the process of
crystallization and solidification of magma takes places below the
Earth's surface and particularly in the crust.
• An extrusion is an eruption of magmatic materials that
causes land formation on the surface of the Earth.
Magma extrusion causes the formation of volcanoes
when the gas pressure is strong enough and there are
cracks in the earth'scrust. Magma that came out to the
surface of the earth is called the eruption. Magma that
came to the surface of the earth is called lava.
• Magma can move up because of
a high pressure exerted by
magma and gases. In the
lithosphere magma occupies a
bag which is called magma
chamber. The depth of the
magma chamber causes the
differences in the strength of
volcanic eruptions. In general,
the deeper the magma chamber,
the stronger the explosion.
 Volcanism
 Volcanism is used to describe all geological phenomena
that occur on the natural terrestrial surface, such as the
creation of volcanoes and hot springs.

 It refers to all sorts of geological activities correlated with

the flow and transportation of igneous material from the
planet's interior towards the natural terrestrial surface.
 This motion takes place inside cracks that are known
among geologists as natural pipes that infiltrate the
upper mantle. In many cases, the mantle allows
massive quantities of liquids and gases to reach the
upper layers of the planet andin various cases, even the
natural terrestrial surface
• Volcanoes are created and formed when energy
generated by inductive currents flowing from the Earth's
core towards the surface hits the upper layers in the form
of pressure and smashes the overlaying rock formations.
The presence of dilated water vapor plays an important
role in the creation of craters by assisting the flow of
magma towards the surface. This also explains why
massive amounts of water vapor concentration in
magmatic gases with an average value of 80% are
emitted into the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions.
• Molten material in the form of lava that undergoes the
process of crystallization on the natural terrestrial surface
gives birth to rock formations knownas volcanites. These
are one of the major categories of igneous rock formations.
Volcanites are composed of gray, dull pink colored track
basaltic lava with large phenocrystal and pyroclastic.