CHAPTER

2 Atomic
Structure

By . Khalid Othman
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTER
II
Item 1 • The Atomic Theory.

Item 2 • The atomic structure.

Item 3
• Atomic number, Mass number and
Isotopes.
Item 4 • The periodic table.

Item 5 • Molecules and Ions.

Item 6 • Chemical formula.
2
 Atomic Theory

And

Atomic Structure

3
ATOMIC THEORY
Fundamental Chemical Laws
( 1 ) . Law of Conservation of Mass
Matter can not be created nor destroyed.

( Because matter is made of atoms that are

unchanged in a chemical reaction )

4
ATOMIC THEORY
Fundamental Chemical Laws
( 2 ) . Law of Definite Proportions

A given compound always contain exactly the

same proportion of elements by mass.

5
ATOMIC THEORY
Fundamental Chemical Laws
( 2 ) . Law of Definite Proportions

6
ATOMIC THEORY
Fundamental Chemical Laws
( 3 ) . Law of Multiple Proportions

If two elements can combine to form more than one

compound, the masses of one element that combine
with a fixed mass of the other element are in ratios
of small whole number.

7
ATOMIC THEORY
Fundamental Chemical Laws
( 3 ) . Law of Multiple Proportions

8
ATOMIC THEORY
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
( 1 ) . Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms.

( 2 ) . All atoms of a given element are identical, (having the same size, mass
and the chemical properties).

( 3 ) . Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element. In

any compound the ratio of the number of atoms of any two of the
elements present is either an integer or simple fraction.

( 4 ) . A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination, or

rearrangement of atoms, it dose not result in their creation or destruction.

9
ATOMIC THEORY
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
( 1 ) . Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms.

10
ATOMIC THEORY
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
( 2 ) . All atoms of a given element are identical, (having the same size, mass
and the chemical properties).

Atoms of different elements are different in some way or ways.

Different properties shown by elements such as hydrogen and oxygen
can be explained by assuming that hydrogen atoms are not the same as
oxygen atoms.

11
ATOMIC THEORY
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
( 3 ) . Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element. In
any compound the ratio of the number of atoms of any two of the
elements present is either an integer or simple fraction, (the law of definite
proportions).

12
Atomic Structure
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
( 4 ) . A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination, or
rearrangement of atoms, it dose not result in their creation or destruction,
(the law of conservation of mass).

13
Atomic Structure

Dalton’s Model
Extremely small and indivisible.

Thomson’s Model (1904 )

(Plum-pudding)
Diffuse cloud of positive charge with
negative electrons embedded randomly in
it.
14
Atomic Structure

Thomson’s Model
(Plum-pudding)

The plum-pudding model of the

atom was an early and now
obsolete attempt to describe
the interior structure of atoms.

15
Atomic Structure
Rutherford’s Model (1911)
Rutherford expected the a-particles
to pass un-deflected through the
atoms. But, Rutherford observed that
a small fraction of the a-particles
were deflected; to explain the
observation, he proposed the nuclear
model of the atom

Separation of radioactive rays in an electric field.

16
Atomic Structure

Rutherford’s Model

To deflect the energetic a-

particles, the nucleus must be
dense, with positive charge.
For the fraction deflected to
be small, the nucleus must be
small, relative to the overall
size of the atom.
17
Atomic Structure

Rutherford’s Model

18
Atomic Structure
Rutherford’s Model
(The nuclear atom)
1. Most of the atom is empty space.
2. The atom’s positive charges are all
concentrated in a dense central core
(Nucleus).
3. The positively charged particles in the
nucleus called protons. Each proton carries
the same quantity of charge as an electron.
4. The mass of the nucleus constitutes most of
the mass of the entire atom, (the mass of the
proton is about 1840 times the mass of the
electron.
19
Atomic Structure

Chadwick’s Model
The nucleus consisted of a third subatomic particles named
(Neutrons), which have no charge and have a mass slightly
greater than that of protons.
20
Atomic Structure
The Bohr Model (1913)
Niels Bohr set out to explain the stability of the nuclear model of
the atom. In this model, electrons
• are in circular orbits.
• can only exist in certain “allowed”
orbits or energy levels (energy of
electrons is quantized).
• do not radiate energy while in one
orbit.
• can jump between orbits by
gaining or losing a specific amount
of energy.
21
Atomic Structure

Conclusion
 . The atom consists of
a very dense central
nucleus containing
protons and neutrons,
with electrons moving
about the nucleus at a
relatively large distance
from it.

22
Atomic Structure

Conclusion
 . Protons are positively
charged, neutrons have
no charge, and electrons
are negatively charged.

 . Protons and neutrons

have roughly the mass,
which is about 1840
times greater than the
mass of an electrons.
23
Atomic Structure

Conclusion
Evolution of atomic model

From the time of Dalton

to Schrodinger, our
model of the atom has
undergone many
modifications.

24
Atomic Structure

The Atom The basic unit of an element that can

enter into chemical combination.

Electrons Negatively charged particles.

Nucleus A dense central core within the atom.

Protons Positively charged particles in the nucleus.

neutrons Electrically neutral particles in the nucleus, having

a mass slightly greater than that of protons.
25
Atomic Structure

Mass and Charges of Subatomic Particles

Charge
Mass (g) Particles
Charge Unit Coulomb

1- X 10-19 1.6022- X 10-28 9.10939 Electron

1+ X 10-19 1.6022+ X 10-24 1.67262 Proton

X 10-24 1.67493
0 0 Neutron

26
A Atomic Number

Z Mass Number

Isotopes
 Atomic Number, Mass Number

Atomic Number ( Z )
The number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of
an element.
Note – In normal atom, the number of protons is equal to the
number of electrons, Why?

Mass Number ( A )
The total number of neutrons and protons present in
the nucleus of an atom of an element.

28
 Atomic Number, Mass Number
Element

Mass Number

Atomic Number

1 14 19

1 7 9
29
 Atomic Number, Mass Number

30
 Isotopes
Isotopes
Atoms that have the same atomic number ( Z ) but
different mass number ( A ).
No. of Protons = No. of Electrons ≠ No. of Neutrons

Hydrogen Uranium
Have 3 isotopes Have 2 isotopes
1 235
Hydrogen H 1 92 U Uranium two thirty five
2
Deuterium 1 H 238
U Uranium two thirty eight
3 92
Tritium 1 H
31
 Isotopes

32
 Isotopes

With the exception of hydrogen, which has different

names for each of its isotopes, isotopes of element are
identified by their mass number.

Most elements have two isotopes or more.

The chemical properties of an element are determined by

the protons and electrons in its atoms, neutrons do not
take part in chemical changes under normal conditions.

33
Periodic Table

Molecules

Ions
 Periodic Table
Periodic Table
Is a chart in which elements having similar chemical and
physical properties are grouped together.

In modern periodic table, the ( 118 ) elements are

arranged by atomic number ( Z ) in horizontal rows called
periods and in vertical columns known as groups or families.

35
 Periodic Table

36
 Periodic Table

37
 Periodic Table
Classification of elements

Metals Metalloids Nonmetals

Are good Have properties that are Are usually poor
conductors of intermediate between conductors of heat
heat and those of metals and and electricity.
electricity. nonmetals. ( 17 elements )
( 8 elements )

Notice That :
From left to right across any period in P. T. , the
physical and chemical properties of the elements change
gradually from metallic to nonmetallic.

38
 Periodic Table
Classification of elements

39
 Periodic Table
Some elements groups have been given special names :
Alkali metals – The elements of the group 1A.
( Li , Na , K , Rb , Cs , Fr ).

Alkaline earth metals – The elements of the group 2A.

( Be , Mg , Ca , Sr , Ba , Ra ).

Halogens – elements in group 7A.

( F , Cl , Br , I , At ).

Noble gases – elements in group 8A or ( group zero ).

( He , Ne , Ar , Kr , Xe , Rn ).
40
 MOLECULES

MOLECULE
Is an aggregate of at least two atoms in a definite
arrangement held together by chemical forces ( called
chemical bonds ).
A molecule may contain atoms of the same element or
atoms of two or more elements joined in fixed ratio, (Law
of definite proportions).

A molecule is not necessarily a compound ( H2 , N2 ).

Like atoms, molecules are electrically neutral .

41
 MOLECULES

42
 MOLECULES

Classification of molecules

Diatomic Molecules Polyatomic Molecules

Contains only two atoms Contains more than two
( N2 , Cl2 , CO , HCl ) atoms
( O3 , H2O , NH3 )

43
 Ions
ION
Is an atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive or
negative charge.

44
 Ions

45
 Ions

The number of positively charged protons in the nucleus of an

atom remains the same during ordinary chemical reactions.

The loss of one or more electrons from a neutral atom results in

a ( cation), an ion with a net positive charge.

The increase in the number of electrons in a neutral atom

results in an ( anion), an ion with a net negative charge.

With very few exceptions, metals tend to form cations and

nonmetals form anions.
46
 Ions

Classification of ions

Monatomic ions Polyatomic ions

Ions contains only one Ions contains more than
atoms one atoms.
( Na+ , Cl- , Ca++ , O-- ) OH- Hydroxide
CN- Cyanide
NH4+ Ammonium

47
 Ions

48
 Ions

49
 Ions

50
 Ions

51
 Ions
Do You Understand Ions?
27 3+
How many protons, neutrons and electrons are inAl
13
Protons = 13
Neutrons = 27-13 = 14
Electrons = 13 – 3 = 10

78 2-
inSe
How many protons, neutrons and electrons are 34 ?
Protons = 34
Neutrons = 78 – 34 = 44
Electrons = 34 – (-2) = 36

52
 QUIZ
Complete the following table :

53
Chemical
Formulas

Molecular
Models
 Chemical Formulas
Chemical Formula
Express the composition of molecules and ionic
compounds in terms of chemical symbols.

O3 H2O2 H2O
CH4
H2SO4
NO2 N2H4 NaCl
C6H12O6
The subscript numbers indicates the number of the atom
in the molecule, number one is omitted from the formula .

55
 Chemical Formulas
Types of chemical formulas

( 1 ) . Empirical Formula
Tells us which elements are present in the compound and the
simplest whole-number ratio of their atoms.

( 2 ) . Molecular Formulas
Shows the exact number of atoms of each element in the
compound molecule.

( 3 ) . Structural formula
Shows how atoms are bonded to one another in a molecule.

56
 Chemical Formulas
( 1 ) . Empirical Formula
Tells us which elements are present in the compound and the
simplest whole-number ratio of their atoms.

The number of the atoms given in the empirical formula is not

necessarily the actual number of the atoms in a given molecule , for
example:

( Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 ) Its empirical formula is HO

( Hydrazine N2H4 ) Its empirical formula is NH2
( Blood sugar C6H12O6 ) Its empirical formula is CH2O

57
 Chemical Formulas

( 1 ) . Empirical Formula

In the other hand, the number of the atoms given in the empirical
formula might be the actual number of the atoms in a given molecule , for
example:

( Water H2O ) Its empirical formula is H2O

( Ammonia NH3 ) Its empirical formula is NH3
( Methane CH4 ) Its empirical formula is CH4

When chemists analyze an unknown compound, the first step is

usually the determination of the compound’s empirical formula.

58
 Chemical Formulas
( 2 ) . Molecular Formulas
Shows the exact number of atoms of each element in the
compound molecule.

Molecular formulas is the true formulas of all molecules .

For many compounds, the molecular formula and the empirical

formula are one and the same. Examples :

( Water H2O )
( Ammonia NH3 )
( Methane CH4 )
( Carbon dioxide CO2 )

59
 Chemical Formulas
( 3 ) . Structural formula

Shows how atoms are bonded to one another in a molecule.

It is known that each of the two H atoms is bonded to an O atom

in the water molecules, therefore, the structural formula of water is :

H—O—H

The line connecting the two atomic symbols

represents a chemical bond.

60
 Chemical Formulas
Molecular Models
Molecules are too small for us to observe directly, An effective
means of visualizing them is by the use of molecules models.

Types of molecules model

Ball and sticks Space - filling

Atoms are wooden or Atoms are represented
plastic balls with holes on them, by truncated balls held together
Sticks are used to represent by snap fasteners, so that the
chemical bonds. With the bonds are not visible. The balls
exception of the H atom, the balls are proportional in size to atoms.
are all the same size but have
different colors.
61
 Chemical Formulas
Molecular Models

Ball and sticks Space - filling

62
 Chemical Formulas
Molecular Models

Composite of
chemical
structures, ball &
stick models, and
space-filling
models

63
 Chemical Formulas
Molecular Models
A common color scheme for atoms in molecular models.

64
 Chemical Formulas
Molecular Models
Ball and sticks
Show the 3 dimensional arrangement of
atoms clearly.
Easy to construct.

The balls are not proportional to the size of

atoms.

The sticks exaggerate the space between

atoms in a molecule.

65
 Chemical Formulas
Molecular Models
Space - filling
They are more accurate because they show
the variation in atomic size.

They are time consuming to but together.

They do not show the 3 dimensional

positions of atoms very well.

66
 Chemical Formulas
Formula of Ionic Compounds

 Charges on the cation and anion are not shown in the

formula for an ionic compound.

 In order for ionic compound to be neutral, the sum of the

charges on the cation and anion in each formula must be
zero.

 There are two cases can be found to make this role take
place :

67
 Chemical Formulas
Formula of Ionic Compounds

Case No. 1
If the charges of the cation and the anion are
numerically equal, then no subscripts are necessary. Example :

Potassium Bromide Sodium Chloride

K+ Br- Na+ Cl-
KBr NaCl

(+1) + (-1) = 0 (+1) + (-1) = 0

68
 Chemical Formulas
Formula of Ionic Compounds
Case No. 2
If the charges of the cation and the anion are numerically different,
we apply the following rule to make the formula electrically neutral :

[ The subscript of the cations is numerically equal to the charge on

the anion, and the subscript of the anion is numerically equal to the charge
on the cations . ]

Zinc Iodide Aluminum Oxide

Zn2+ I- Al3+ O2-
ZnI2 Al2O3
(1 x +2) + (2 x -1) = 0 (2 x +3) + (3 x -2) = 0
69