OSI LAYER

OSI

Developed by International Organization for

Standardization (ISO)
Open Systems Interconnection
model (OSI model) is a conceptual model
standardizes the communication
 Multi vendor communicate the each other
It conceptually divides computer network
architecture into 7 layers in a logical
progression
 OSI LAYER

Upper Layer Lower Layer

7.Application Layer 4.Transport Layer

6.Presentation Layer 3.Network Layer

5.session Layer 2.Data Layer

1.Physical Layer
 OSI LAYER

Application Protocol Data

7.Application Layer
unit
Presentation Protocol Data
6.Presentation Layer
unit

5.session Layer session Protocol Data unit

Transport Protocol Data
4.Transport Layer unit

3.Network Layer Packet

2.Data Layer Frame

1.Physical Layer Bit

 Application Layer

It is the topmost layer.

Transferring of files disturbing the results to
the user is also done in this layer. Mail
services, directory services, network resource
etc are services provided by application layer.
This layer mainly holds application programs
to act upon the received and to be sent data.
 Presentation Layer

Presentation layer takes care that the data is

sent in such a way that the receiver will
understand the information(data) and will be
able to use the data
 FUNCTIONS OF PRESENTATION
LAYER

Translation
Encryption
Compression
 Session Layer - OSI Model

Session Layer allows users on different

machines to establish sessions between them
main aim is to establish, maintain and
synchronize the interaction between
communicating systems
 Dialog Control : This layer allows two systems to start
communication with each other in half-duplex or full-
duplex.
 Token Management: This layer prevents two parties from
attempting the same critical operation at the same time.
 Synchronization : This layer allows a process to add
checkpoints which are considered as synchronization
points into stream of data. Example: If a system is sending
a file of 800 pages, adding checkpoints after every 50
pages is recommended. This ensures that 50 page unit is
successfully received and acknowledged. This is beneficial
at the time of crash as if a crash happens at page number
110; there is no need to retransmit 1 to100 pages
 Transport Layer

The basic function of the Transport layer is to

accept data from above, split it up into
smaller units, pass these to the network layer
The transport layer is a true end-to-end layer
FUNCTIONS OF TRANSPORT LAYER

Service Point Addressing : Transport Layer

header includes service point address which is
port address
Segmentation and Reassembling : A
message is divided into segments; each
segment contains sequence number, which
enables this layer in reassembling the message
Flow Control : In this layer, flow control is
performed end to end
Connection Control : It includes 2 types :
 Connectionless Transport Layer : Each segment

is considered as an independent packet and

delivered to the transport layer at the destination
machine.
 Connection Oriented Transport Layer : Before

delivering packets, connection is made with

transport layer at the destination machine
Error Control : Error Control is performed end to end
in this layer to ensure that the complete message
arrives at the receiving transport layer without any
error
 Network Layer - OSI Model

The network Layer controls the operation of

the subnet. The main aim of this layer is to
deliver packets from source to destination
across multiple links (networks).
If two computers (system) are connected on
the same link, then there is no need for a
network layer
 FUNCTIONS OF NETWORK LAYER

It translates logical network address into

physical address. Concerned with circuit,
message or packet switching.
Routers and gateways operate in the network
layer. Mechanism is provided by Network
Layer for routing the packets to final
destination.
Connection services are provided including
network layer flow control, network layer
error control and packet sequence control.
Breaks larger packets into small packets
 DATA LINK Layer

Data link layer is most reliable node to node

delivery of data
 FUNCTIONS OF DATA LINK LAYER

Framing: Frames are the streams of bits received

from the network layer into manageable data units.
This division of stream of bits is done by Data Link
Layer.
Physical Addressing: The Data Link layer adds a
header to the frame in order to define physical
address of the sender or receiver of the frame, if the
frames are to be distributed to different systems on
the network.
Flow Control: A flow control mechanism to avoid a
fast transmitter from running a slow receiver by
buffering the extra bit is provided by flow control. This
prevents traffic jam at the receiver side.
Error Control: Error control is achieved by
adding a trailer at the end of the frame.
Duplication of frames are also prevented by
using this mechanism. Data Link Layers adds
mechanism to prevent duplication of frames.
Access Control: Protocols of this layer
determine which of the devices has control
over the link at any given time, when two or
more devices are connected to the same link.
 Physical Layaer

It is the lowest layer of the OSI Model.

It activates, maintains and deactivates the
physical connection.
It is responsible for transmission and reception
of the unstructured raw data over network.
Voltages and data rates needed for
transmission is defined in the physical layer.
It converts the digital/analog bits into electrical
signal or optical signals.
Data encoding is also done in this layer.
 PHYSICAL Layer

Representation of Bits: Data in this layer

consists of stream of bits. The bits must be
encoded into signals for transmission. It defines
the type of encoding i.e. how 0's and 1's are
changed to signal.
Data Rate: This layer defines the rate of
transmission which is the number of bits per
second.
Synchronization: It deals with the
synchronization of the transmitter and receiver.
The sender and receiver are synchronized at bit
level.
Interface: The physical layer defines the
transmission interface between devices and
transmission medium.
Line Configuration: This layer connects devices
with the medium: Point to Point configuration and
Multipoint configuration.
Topologies: Devices must be connected using the
following topologies: Mesh, Star, Ring and Bus.
Transmission Modes: Physical Layer defines the
direction of transmission between two devices:
Simplex, Half Duplex, Full Duplex.
Deals with baseband and broadband transmission
 Types of Address

Service Point
Transport Layer Addressing /Port
no
Logical
Network Layer Address/IP
address
Physical /MAC
Data Layer Address
OSI in one Page
OSI Layer Vs TCP/IP

Application Layer

Transport Layer
Internet Layer
Network Layer
 MAC Address

It is 48 Bits Address

Have two parts IEEE Assigned and Vendor
Assigned
I/G G/L OUI Vendor Assign

I/G Individual/Group
G/L Global/Local
OUI Organizationally unique identifier
 Port No

It is a number that Represents the protocol of

upper layer .
We have 65536 No of port
1 to 1024 port is well known port.

Protocol Port No
Telnet 23
HTTP 80
SMTP 25
DNS 53
DHCP 67
FTP 21
THANKS……