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Dna Damage MBBS

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9 views

Dna Damage MBBS

Uploaded by

waltergaruba5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• Genes and proteins are both fundamental to biology, but they play

very different roles.


• Genes are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for building
proteins. Think of them as the blueprint or recipe.
• They are made up of sequences of nucleotides (A, T, C, and G) and are
located on chromosomes within the cell nucleus.
• Proteins, on the other hand, are the molecules that actually do the
work in the cell.
• They are made up of amino acids and are responsible for a wide range
of functions, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, replicating DNA,
responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules.
• Proteins are the end product of gene expression.
• Genes are the instructions, and proteins are the workers that carry
out those instructions.
• The cell cycle is the series of events that cells go through as they grow and
divide. It consists of several phases: G1 (cell growth), S (DNA replication), G2
(preparation for mitosis), and M (mitosis and cytokinesis).
• This cycle ensures that cells divide correctly and maintain genetic consistency.
• G1 Phase (Gap 1): The cell grows and performs its normal functions. It also
prepares for DNA replication.
• S Phase (Synthesis): DNA replication occurs, resulting in two copies of each
chromosome.
• G2 Phase (Gap 2): The cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis. It
checks for DNA damage and ensures all DNA is replicated.
• M Phase (Mitosis): The cell divides its copied DNA and cytoplasm to form two
new daughter cells. This phase includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase.
• Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two separate daughter cells.
• Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. It contains
various organelles, including the nucleus, which houses the DNA.
• DNA: The molecule that carries genetic information. It is found within the
nucleus of eukaryotic cells and contains the instructions for building and
maintaining the organism.
• Epigenetic alterations are changes in gene expression that do not
involve alterations to the DNA sequence itself.
• These changes can be influenced by various factors, including
environmental influences, diet, and exposure to pollutants.
• Common mechanisms of epigenetic alterations include DNA
methylation and histone modification.
• DNA methylation involves the addition of methyl groups to DNA,
which can turn genes off or silence them.
• Histone modification, on the other hand, involves changes to the
proteins around which DNA is wrapped, affecting how tightly the
DNA is wound and whether genes can be expressed
• Base excision repair (BER) occurs at AP sites (apurinic/apyrimidinic sites) because
these are locations in the DNA where a base has been removed, leaving a gap.
This gap can be caused by spontaneous loss of a base or by the action of DNA
glycosylases, which remove damaged bases.
• The AP site is recognized by an enzyme called AP endonuclease, which cuts the
DNA backbone at the site of the missing base. This creates a single-strand break
that can then be processed and filled in with the correct nucleotide by DNA
polymerase and sealed by DNA ligase.

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