Concept of Stress

Lecture 11
Engineering Mechanics - ME102
Sunil Kumar Singh and Rishi Raj

Courtesy: TMH
About the Course
1. Rigid body statics: Equivalent force systems – Chapter 1-2
2. Equations of equilibrium, Free body diagram, Reaction, Static indeterminacy
– Chapters 3-4
3. Distributed Forces: Centroids and Centers of Gravity – Chapter 5
4. Structures: 2D truss, Method of joints, Method of section, Frame – Chapter
6 (6.1 – 6.10)
5. Friction: Dry friction (static and kinetic), wedge friction, disk friction (thrust
bearing), belt friction, square threaded screw, journal bearings, Wheel
friction, Rolling resistance – Chapter 8
6. Moment of Inertia – Chapter 9 (9.1 – 9.15)
7. Beams: Types of loading and supports, Axial force, Bending moment, Shear
force and Torque – Chapter 7 (7.1 – 7.6)

*************************Mid-Semester Examination*****************************

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About the Course
1. Introduction to stress: Definition of stress, normal and shear Stress –
Chapter 1
2. Relation between stress and strain –Chapter 2 (2.1 – 2.16)
3. Stresses due to torsion in axisymmetric sections – Chapter 3 (3.1 – 3.6)
4. Stresses due to pure bending – Chapter 4 (4.1 – 4.5, 4.12-4.13)
5. Design of beams for bending - Chapter 5 (5.1 – 5.3)
6. Two dimension state of stress, Mohr’s circle representation, Principal
stresses and strains – Chapter 7 (7.1 – 7.4)

********************End-Semester Examination*******************************

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Book

F. P. Beer and E. R. Johnston, J.T. Dewolf, and D.F. Mazurek,

Mechanics of Materials, McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd.

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Recall
• Mechanics is the science which describes and predicts
the conditions of rest or motion of bodies under the
action of forces.

• Categories of Mechanics:
- Rigid bodies
- Statics – Part one of the course
- Dynamics
- Deformable bodies – Part two of the course
- Fluids

• Mechanics is an applied science - it is not an abstract

or pure science but does not have the empiricism
found in other engineering sciences.

• Mechanics is the foundation of most engineering sciences

and is an indispensable prerequisite to their study.

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Assumption relaxed!
• We are now relaxing the assumption of Rigid Body,
i.e., we are considering real systems.
• Upon the application of a force, an object can deform,
that is, it can be strained
• ….and when there is strain, there will be internal
stresses, the topic of discussion in this chapter.
• How much stress for how much applied force depends
on the type of materials you use

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Concept of Stress
• The main objective of the study of mechanics of
materials is to provide the future engineer with the
means of analyzing and designing various machines
and load bearing structures.

• Both the analysis and design of a given structure

involve the determination of stresses and deformations.
This chapter is devoted to the concept of stress.

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What is Stress?
• In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity
that expresses the internal forces that neighboring
particles of a continuous material exert on each other,
while strain is the measure of the deformation of the
material.

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Review of Statics
Pin • The structure is designed to
support a 30 kN load
• The structure consists of a
boom and rod joined by pins
(zero moment connections) at
the junctions and supports
• Perform a static analysis to
Rod determine the internal force in
each structural member and the
reaction forces at the supports
Boom

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Structure Free-Body Diagram

• Structure is detached from supports and

the loads and reaction forces are
• indicated
Conditions for static equilibrium:
 M C 0  Ax 0.6 m  30 kN 0.8 m 
Ax 40 kN
 Fx 0 Ax  C x
C x  Ax  40 kN
 Fy 0  Ay  C y  30 kN 0
Ay  C y 30 kN

• Ay and Cy can not be determined from

these equations

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Component Free-Body Diagram

• In addition to the complete structure, each

component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
• Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
 M B 0  Ay 0.8 m 
Ay 0
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
C y 30 kN

• Results:
A 40 kN  C x 40 kN  C y 30 kN 

Reaction forces are directed along boom

and rod

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Method of Joints
• The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,
the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends
• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to
to an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions

• Joints must satisfy the conditions for static

equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle @ B:

 B 0
F
B
FAB FBC 30 kN
 
4 5 3
FAB 40 kN FBC 50 kN

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Stress Analysis
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
load?
• From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression in the rod)
FBC = 50 kN (tension in the boom)

• At any section through member BC, the

internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
dBC = 20 mm P 50 103 N
 BC   159 MPa
A 314 10-6 m 2

• From the material properties for steel, the

allowable stress is
 all 165 MPa
• Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
adequate
• Similar analysis should be done for the AB in
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compression as well as the pins! 13
Design
• Design of new structures requires selection of
appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements
• For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum (sall= 100 MPa). What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
• Will the previously used diameter of 20 mm with
NO
steel work?
P P 50 103 N 6 2
 all  A  500 10 m
A  all 100 106 Pa

d2
A 
4

d
4A


4 500 10 6 m 2  2.52 10 2 m 25.2 mm
 
• An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is
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Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• The force intensity on that section is defined as

the normal stress.
F P
  lim  ave 
A 0 A A

• The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P  ave A dF   dA
A

• The detailed distribution of stress is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from
statics alone.

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Centric & Eccentric Loading
• A uniform distribution of stress in a section
infers that the line of action for the resultant of
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section.

• A uniform distribution of stress is only

possible if the concentrated loads on the end
sections of two-force members are applied at
the section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.

• If a two-force member is eccentrically

loaded, then the resultant of the stress
distribution in a section must yield an axial
force and a moment.

• The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded

members cannot be uniform or symmetric.
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Shearing Stress
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
member AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
 ave 
A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may
be much larger than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
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Shearing Stress Examples
Single Shear Double Shear

F/2

F/2

P F P F
 ave    ave  
A A A 2A

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Bearing Stress in Connections
• Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of
contact or bearing surfaces of
the members they connect.

• The resultant of the force

distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.

• Corresponding average force

intensity is called the bearing
stress,
P P
b  
A td

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Stress Analysis & Design Example
• Would like to determine the
stresses in the members and
connections of the structure
shown.

• From a statics analysis:

FAB = 40 kN
(compression)
FBC = 50 kN
• (tension)
Must consider maximum
normal stresses in AB and
BC, and the shearing stress
and bearing stress at each
pinned connection

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Minimum Area Section:
Tension versus Compression
• The minimum area sections at the
boom ends are unstressed since the
boom is in compression.
Tension

Compression
No force/stress

No force/stress
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Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
• The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.

• At the rod center, the average normal stress in the

circular cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is sBC = +159
MPa.
• At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional
area occurs at the pin centerline,
A 20 mm 40 mm  25 mm  300 10 6 m 2

P 50 103 N
 BC,end   167 MPa
A 300 10 6 m 2

• The boom is in compression with an

axial force of 40 kN and average
normal stress of –26.7 MPa.
• The minimum area sections at the
boom ends are unstressed since the
boom is in compression.
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Pin Shearing Stresses
• The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B,
and C,
2
2 25 mm  6 2
A  r    49110 m
 2 

• The force on the pin at C is equal to the

force exerted by the rod BC,
P 50 103 N
 C , ave    6 2
102 MPa
A 49110 m

• The pin at A is in double shear with a

total force equal to the force exerted by
the boom AB,
𝑃 /2 20 kN
𝜏 𝐴 , 𝑎𝑣𝑒= = =40.7 MPa
𝐴 −6
491 ×1 0 m
2

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Pin Shearing Stresses
I • Divide the pin at B into sections to determine
the section with the largest shear force,

𝑃 𝐸, 𝐼 =15 kN
50 kN

H |
I
E | |
G
• Evaluate the corresponding average

|
shearing stress,
PG 25 kN
 B, ave   50.9 MPa
A 49110 6 m 2

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Pin Bearing Stresses

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB,

we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
b   53.3 MPa
td 30 mm 25 mm 

• To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,

we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
b   32.0 MPa
td 50 mm 25 mm 

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Stress in Two Force Members
• Axial forces on a two force
member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• Transverse forces on bolts and

pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to bolt
or pin axis.

• Will show that either axial or

transverse forces may produce both
normal and shear stresses with
respect to a plane other than one cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

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Stress on an Oblique Plane
• Pass a section through the member
forming an angle q with the normal
plane.
• From equilibrium conditions, the
distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P.
• Resolve P into components normal and
tangential to the oblique section,
F  P cos V  P sin 

• The average normal and shear stresses on

the oblique plane are
F P cos P
   cos2 
A A0 A0
cos
V P sin  P
   sin  cos
A A0 A0
cos
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Maximum Stresses
• Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane
P P
 cos2   sin  cos
A0 A0

• The maximum normal stress occurs when the

reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,
P
m    0
A0

• The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at

+ 45o with respect to the axis,
P P
m  sin 45 cos 45   
A0 2 A0

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Stress Under General Loadings
• A member subjected to a general
combination of loads is cut into
two segments by a plane passing
through Q

• The distribution of internal stress

components may be defined as,
F x
 x  lim
A 0 A

V yx Vzx
 xy  lim  xz  lim
A 0 A A 0 A

• For equilibrium, an equal and

opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on
the other segment of the member.

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State of Stress How many components of
stresses we have?

• Stress components are defined for the

planes cut parallel to the x, y and z axes.
For equilibrium, equal and opposite
stresses are exerted on the hidden planes.
• The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
 Fx  Fy  Fz 0
 M x  M y  M z 0
• Consider the moments about the z axis:
 M z 0  xy Aa   yx Aa
 xy  yx
similarly ,𝜏 𝑦𝑧 =𝜏 𝑧𝑦 and 𝜏 𝑥 𝑧 =𝜏 𝑧 𝑥
• It follows that only 6 components of stress
are required to define the complete state of
stress
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Nomenclature
𝜏 𝐴𝐵
A implies the axis perpendicular to the plane
along with the shear stress acts

B implies the direction of shear stress

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Note
• At a point, shear stress cannot
take place in one plane only, an
equal shear stress must be
exerted on another plane
perpendicular to the first one.

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Factor of Safety
Structural members or machines Factor of safety considerations:
must be designed such that the • uncertainty in material properties
working stresses are less than the • uncertainty of loadings
ultimate strength of the material. • uncertainty of analyses
• number of loading cycles
FS Factor of safety
• types of failure
 ultimate stress • maintenance requirements and
FS  u 
 all allowable stress
deterioration effects
• importance of member to structures
integrity
• risk to life and property
• influence on machine function

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State of Stress
𝜏 𝐴𝐵 A implies the axis perpendicular to the plane along which the shear stress acts

B implies the direction of shear stress

Y Y

is +ve is -ve

X X
+ ve plane, +ve direction + ve plane, -ve direction

Y Y

is -ve - ve plane, -ve direction

X X
- ve plane, +ve direction is +ve

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Single and Double Shear

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Problem 1
In the hangar shown in figure on the right, the
upper portion of the link ABC is 10 mm thick and
the lower portions are each 6 mm thick. Epoxy
resin is used to bond the upper and lower
portions together at B. The pin at A is of 10-mm
diameter while a 6 mm diameter pin is used at C.
Determine
(a) the shearing stress at pin A,
(b) the shearing stress at pin C,
(c) the largest normal stress in link ABC,
(d) the average shearing stress on the bonded
surfaces at B, and
(e) the bearing stress in the link at C.

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Draw the overall FBD

Solve for FAC

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Shearing Stress in Pin A
Draw the FBD of Pin A

Estimate Shearing Stress

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Shearing Stress in Pin C
Draw the FBD of Pin C

Estimate Shearing Stress

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Largest Normal Stress in ABC

Where will we have largest stress in ABC?

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Average Shearing Stress at B
Draw the FBD

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Bearing Stress in Link at C
Draw the Schematic

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