LINUX COMMANDS

Online Terminals
1.COCALC : https://cocalc.com/features/linux

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3.Coding ground : https://www.tutorialspoint.com/linux_terminal_online.php

Basics of LINUX Command
• Linux is a Unix-Like operating system. All the Linux/Unix
commands are run in the terminal provided by the Linux system.

• This terminal is just like the command prompt of Windows OS.

Linux/Unix commands are case-sensitive.

• The terminal can be used to accomplish all Administrative tasks.

This includes package installation, file manipulation, and user
management.
Basics of LINUX Command
• Linux terminal is user-interactive. The terminal outputs the
results of commands which are specified by the user itself.

• Execution of typed command is done only after you press the

Enter key.
LINUX Commands
• Clear: This command clears the screen.
Syntax: clear

• “help” : ‘help’ ‘command shows usage summary for

that command.
Syntax: $date - - help

• $whatis : It gives one line description about the

command. It can be quick reference for any command.
Syntax: $whatis date
LINUX Commands
• $man: The man pages are properly documented pages.
Syntax: $man command name
$man date
• WHO : The who command is used to get information about
currently logged in user on to system.
Syntax: $who [options] [filename]
Without options, who command displays the following
information,
• Login name of users
• Terminal line number
• Login time of the users into system
• Remote host name of user
LINUX Commands
• DATE: date is used to display & set the system date and time.
Syntax: $date [options]
$date --date =
“string” //Displays the given date string in the format of date.
• For displaying past dates:
$date --date =“2 years ago”
$date --date “yesterday”
• For displaying future dates:
$date --date “next tue”
$date --date “2 day”
• To set Date & time:
$date --set “Tue Nov 13 15:23:34 PDT 2018”
LINUX Commands
• Who am i: Displays the username of the current user when this command is
invoked.
Syntax: $whoami [option]
Options: $whoami --help //give help message &
exit
$whoami --version //It gives version information
and exit.
• Cal: Used to see the calender of a specific month or a whole year. By default, it
shows current month’s calender as output.
Syntax: cal [[month] year]
• For example,
Cal
Cal -y 2018
Cal –w 08 2000
Cal 2018
Cal -3 //shows calendar of previous, current & next month.
LINUX Commands
• Echo: Used to display line/text that are passed as an
argument.
Syntax: $echo [option] [string]
• Note: -e here enables backslash
• echo [string] as echo “my first program”
• echo -e “Geeks \bfor \bGeeks” \\ \b : it removes all
the spaces in between text.
• \n : this options creates new lines from where it is used.
• echo -e “Geeks \n for \n Geeks”
• \t : For horizontal tab space
• \v : For vertical tab space
• echo* : This command will print all files/folders, similar to ls
command
LINUX Commands
• ls: Use the “ls” to list out what files are in the directory.
Syntax: $ls
$ls –l // Lists the files in the working directory in long
format.

• mkdir: Allows user to create directories. This command create multiple

directories at once.
Syntax: mkdir [options] [directories]
mkdir --version
mkdir --help
mkdir -v [directories]
where,-v = -verbose : It displays a message
for every directory created.
LINUX Commands
• cd : Known as change di rectory command. Change current working
directory.

Synatx: $cd [directory_name]

//To move inside a subdirectories

$cd /
//Change directory to the root directory

$cd dir-1/dir-2/dir-3
//This command is used to move inside a
directory from directory.
LINUX Commands
• cd : Known as change di rectory command. Change current
working directory.

Synatx:
$cd ~ or $cd
//change directory to the
home directory.
$cd..
//This command is used to move to the parent directory of
current directory or one level up from current
directory.
LINUX Commands
• rmdir: Used to remove empty directories from file system in Linux.
Syntax: rmdir [-ignore –fail – on -non –empty]
directories..
• pwd: It prints the path of working directory, starting from the
root. pwd stands for print working directory.
Syntax: $pwd
• cat: Reads data from file & gives their content as output. It helps us
to create, view & concatenates files.
Syntax: $cat filename // It gives content of file
$cat file1 file2 //It gives contents
of multiple files
$cat > new file //it will create
named new file.
LINUX Commands
• rm: Used to remove objects such as files, directories, symbolic
links and so on.
Syntax: rm [option] filename
• $rm –i d.txt : -i prompts conformation before delete
file. You have to press Y for deletion.
• $rm –f e.txt: -f rm prompts for confirmation removal if
any file is write protected. The –f option override this minor
operation & removes files forcefully.
LINUX Commands
• cp : Used to copy files or group of files or directory.
Syntax: cp [option] source destination
cp [option] source directory
cp [option] source-1 source-2 source-3
source-n Directory
• mv: Used to move one or more files or directories from one
place to another.
Syntax: mv [option] source destination
LINUX Commands
• chmod : Change the access mode of file.

Synatx: chmod [references] [operator] [mode] filename

References Class Description

u Owner File’s owner

g Group Users who are member of file’s group

o Others Users who are neither the file’s owner nor member of the file’s group

A All All three of the above

LINUX Commands
• chmod : Change the access mode of file.

Synatx: chmod [references] [operator] [mode]

filename
Operators Description

+ Adds specified modes to specified class

- Removes the specified modes from specified class

= The modes specified are to be made the exact modes for the specified classes
LINUX Commands
• ps: Used to list the currently running processes & their PIDs
along with some other information depends on different options.
Synatx: ps [options]

• grep: It stands for Globally search for regular expression &

print out. It is a filter searches a file for a particular pattern of
characters, and display all lines that contain that pattern.
Syntax: grep [options] pattern [files]
For example, $grep -l “unix”
*
LINUX Commands
Options Description

-i Case sensitive

-c Displaying the count number of matches

-l Displaying the filenames that matches the pattern

-w Checking the whole words in file

-o Display only the matched pattern

-n Show line number while displaying the output

-v Inverting the pattern match. You can display lines that are not matched

with given string

“ ^ pattern” Matching the lines that start with given a string

“os $” Matching the lines that end with a string