LAWS OF MOTION

OBJECTIVES

 Understand the concepts of force and motion.

 Explain inertia and its types.
 State the three laws of Newton.
 Apply Newtonian concept of force and motion.
 Define force, momentum and impulse.
 Distinguish between mass and weight
 Analyze weightlessness and the principle of
conservation of momentum.
 Explain the law of gravitation and its applications.
 Understand the variations in 'g' due to height and
depth.
CONCEPT OF FORCE

 A common man’s understanding of

motion, a body needs a ‘push’ or ‘pull’
to move, or bring to rest or change its
velocity. Hence, this ‘push’ or ‘pull’ is
called as ‘force’.

 Mechanics is the branch of physics that

deals with the effect of force on bodies.
It is divided into two branches, namely,
statics and dynamics
STATICS AND DYNAMICS

STATICS DYNAMICS
 Body which is at rest  Body which is at motion
 Dynamics is further
divided as follows.
 Kinematics: It deals with
the motion of bodies
without considering the
cause of motion.
 Kinetics: It deals with
the motion of bodies
considering the cause of
motion.
FORCE AND MOTION
 According to Aristotle  A force (a push or a
a Greek Philosopher pull) is needed to
and Scientist, states make the bodies to
that a moving body move from their
naturally comes to natural state (rest)
rest without any
and behave
external influence of
contrary to their
the force. Such
motions are termed own natural state
as ‘natural motion’ called as ‘violent
(Force independent) motion’ (Force
dependent).
 The natural state of  When a force is applied
all earthly bodies is on bodies, they resist
any change in their
either the state of
state. This property of
rest or the state of bodies is called
uniform motion. ‘inertia’.
 A body in motion  When dropped from a
will continue to be in height in vacuum,
the same state of bodies of different size,
motion as long as no shape and mass fall at
the same rate and
external force is
reach the ground at the
applied. same time.
INERTIA
 While you are  The inherent
travelling in a bus or in property of a body
a car, when a sudden
to resist any
brake is applied, the
upper part of your change in its state
body leans in the of rest or the state
forward direction of uniform motion,
 Any body would like to unless it is
continue to be in its influenced upon by
state of rest or the an external
state of motion. This is unbalanced force,
known as ‘inertia’.
is known as ‘inertia
Types of Inertia

 Inertia of rest: Th e  Inertia of motion: The

resistance of a resistance of a body
body to change its to change its state of
state of rest is motion is called
inertia of motion
called inertia of
 Inertia of direction:
rest.
The resistance of a
body to change its
direction of motion is
called inertia of
direction
Examples of Inertia

 An athlete runs some distance before

jumping. Because, this will help him jump
longer and higher. (Inertia of motion)
 When you make a sharp turn while driving
a car, you tend to lean sideways, (Inertia of
direction).
 When you vigorously shake the branches
of a tree, some of the leaves and fruits are
detached and they fall down, (Inertia of
rest).
LINEAR MOMENTUM

 To quantify the impact of a force exactly, a

new physical quantity known as linear
momentum is defined. The linear momentum
measures the impact of a force on a body.

 The product of mass and velocity of a

moving body gives the magnitude of
linear momentum. It acts in the
direction of the velocity of the object.
FORMULA AND UNIT

 Linear Momentum = mass × velocity

 p = m v.
 Unit of momentum in SI system is kg
m s–1 and in C.G.S system its unit is
g cm s-1.
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW

 Every body continues to be in its

state of rest or the state of
uniform motion along a straight
line unless it is acted upon by
some external force

 Force has both magnitude and

direction. So, it is a vector quantity.
TYPES OF FORCE

LIKE PARALLEL FORCE UNLIKE PARALLEL FORCE

 Two or more forces of  Two or more equal

equal or unequal forces or unequal
magnitude acting forces act along
along the same opposite directions
direction, parallel to parallel to each other,
each other are called then they are called
like parallel forces unlike parallel forces
RESULTANT FORCE

 When several forces act

simultaneously on the same body,
then the combined effect of the
multiple forces can be represented
by a single force, which is termed as
‘resultant force’.
ACTION OF FORCE
ACTION OF FORCE

BALANCED FORCE UNBALANCED FORCE

 The resultant force of  The resultant force is
all the forces acting not equal to zero,
on a body is equal to then it causes the
zero, then the body motion of the body
will be in equilibrium. due to unbalanced
Such forces are called forces
balanced forces
EQUILIBRIUM

 A system can be brought to

equilibrium by applying another
force, which is equal to the resultant
force in magnitude, but opposite in
direction. Such force is called as
‘Equilibrant’.
ROTATION EFFECT OF FORCE-
DOOR OPENING
EXPLANATION

 The door can be easily opened or closed

when you apply the force at a point far away
from the fixed edge.

 The effect of the force you apply is to turn the

door about the fixed edge. This turning effect
of the applied force is more.

 when the distance between the fixed edge

and the point of application of force is more.
ROTATION

 The axis of the fixed edge about which

the door is rotated is called as the
‘axis of rotation’

 Fix one end of a rod to the floor/wall,

and apply a force at the other end
tangentially.The rod will be turned
about the fixed point is called as ‘point
of rotation’.
MOMENTUM OF THE FORCE

 The rotating or turning effect of a

force about a fixed point or fixed axis
is called moment of the force
about that point or torque (τ).

 τ = F × d.

 Torque is a vector quantity.

COUPLE

 Two equal and unlike parallel forces

applied simultaneously at two distinct
points constitute a couple.

 Rotating effect of a couple is known as

moment of a couple.

 Examples: Turning a tap, winding

or unwinding a screw, spinning of a
top, etc.
FORMULA

 Moment of a couple = Force ×

perpendicular distance between the
line of action of forces
 M = F × S.
 The direction of moment of a force or
couple is taken as positive if the body
is rotated in the anti-clockwise
direction and negative if it is rotate in
the clockwise direction.
APPLICATIONS OF TORQUE
 1. Gears
 gear is a circular wheel with teeth around its rim. It
helps to change the speed of rotation of a wheel by
changing the torque and helps to transmit power.
 2. Seasaw
 Most of you have played on the seasaw. Since there
is a difference in the weight of the persons sitting
on it, the heavier person lifts the lighter person.
 3. Steering Wheel
 A small steering wheel enables you to manoeuore a
car easily by transferring a torque to the wheels
with less effort.
PRINCIPLE OF MOMENT

 The algebraic sum of the moments in

the clockwise direction is equal to
the algebraic sum of the moments in
the anticlockwise direction.
 Moment in clockwise direction =
Moment in anticlockwise
direction
 F1 × d1 = F2 × d2
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW

 The force acting on a body is directly

proportional to the rate of change of
linear momentum of the body and the
change in momentum takes place in
the direction of the force

 Initial momentum of the body Pi = mu

 Final momentum of the body Pf = mv
 Change in momentum Δp = Pf –Pi = mv –
mu
 Force, F ∝ rate of change of momentum
 F ∝ change in momentum / time
 F ∝ mv – mu /t
 F ∝ km(v – u) /t
 k is the proportionality constant.
 F = m(v – u)/t
 Since, acceleration = change in velocity/ time,
a=(v-u)/t. Hence, we have
 F=m×a
 Force = mass × acceleration

IMPULSE

 A large force acting for a very short interval of

time is called as ‘Impulsive force
 When a force F acts on a body for a period of time
t, then the product of force and time is known as
‘impulse’
 Impulse, J = F × t
 By Newton’s second law
 F = Δp / t
 Δp = F × t

 J = Δp
CHANGE IN MOMENTUM

 Impulse is also equal to the magnitude

of change in momentum. Its unit is kg
m s–1 or N s
 Change in momentum can be achieved
in two ways.
 A large force acting for a short period of
time and
 A smaller force acting for a longer
period of time.
EXAMPLES

 Automobiles are fitted with springs

and shock absorbers to reduce jerks
while moving on uneven roads.
 In cricket, a fielder pulls back his
hands while catching the ball.
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION

 For every action, there is an

equal and opposite reaction.
They always act on two different
bodies.
EXAMPLES

 When birds fly they push the air downwards

with their wings (Action) and the air pushes the
bird upwards (Reaction).
 When a person swims he pushes the water
using the hands backwards (Action), and the
water pushes the swimmer in the forward
direction (Reaction).
 When you fire a bullet, the gun recoils
backward and the bullet is moving forward
(Action) and the gun equalises this forward
action by moving backward (Reaction).
PRINCIPAL OF CONSERVATION OF LINEAR
MOMENTUM

 The absence of an external

force, the algebraic sum of the
momentum after collision is
numerically equal to the
algebraic sum of the momentum
before collision.
ROCKET PROPULSION

 Propulsion of rockets is based on the

law of conservation of linear
momentum as well as Newton’s III
law of motion
 An equal and opposite reaction force
is produced in the combustion
chamber, which makes the rocket
project forward
GRAVITATION

 Newton’s universal law of gravitation

 Every particle of matter in this

universe attracts every other particle
with a force. This force is directly
proportional to the product of their
masses and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between
the centers of these masses. The
direction of the force acts along the
line joining the masses.
FORMULA

 F = G m1 m2 /r2
 Where G is the universal
gravitational constant.
 Its value in SI unit is 6.674 × 10–11
Nm2 kg–2.

ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY

 The velocity of the object keeps changing as it

falls down. This change in velocity must be due
to the force acting on the object. The
acceleration of the body is due to the Earth’s
gravitational force. So, it is called as
‘acceleration due to the gravitational force of
the Earth’ or ‘acceleration due to gravity of
the Earth’. It is represented as ‘g’. Its
unit is m s–2

 Mean value of the acceleration due to gravity is

taken as 9.8 m s–2 on the surface of the Earth.
RELATION BETWEEN g AND G

 By Newton’s law of gravitation, the

force acting on the body is given by
 F = G Mm/R2
 acceleration of the body is under the
action of gravity hence a = g
 F=ma=mg
 F = weight = mg
 Acceleration due to gravity =GM/R2
MASS OF THE EARTH(M)

 Mass of the Earth M = gR2 /G

 Substituting the known values of g, R
and G,
 you can calculate the mass of the
Earth as
 M = 5.972 × 1024 kg
Variation of acceleration
due to gravity (g)
 When you move to a higher altitude
from the surface of the Earth, the
value of g reduces.
 when you move deep below the
surface of the Earth, the value of g
reduces
 Value of g is zero at the centre of the
Earth.
MASS AND WEIGHT

MASS WEIGHT
 Mass of a body is  Weight of a body is
defined as the defined as the
quantity of matter gravitational force
contained in the body. exerted on it due to
Its SI unit is kilogram the Earth’s gravity
(kg) alone.
 Weight =
Gravitational Force
 = mass (m)×
acceleration due to
gravity(g).
APPARENT WEIGHT

 Apparent weight is the weight of the body

acquired due to the action of gravity and
other external forces acting on the body.
 Let us consider a person of mass m, who
is travelling in lift. The actual weight of
the person is W = mg, which is acting
vertically downwards.
 The reaction force exerted by the
lift’s surface ‘R’, taken as apparent
weight is acting vertically upwards.
Weightlessness
 Have you gone to an amusement park and taken a
ride in a roller coaster? or in a giant wheel? During
the fast downward and upward movement, how did
you feel?
 Its amazing!!. You actually feel as if you are falling
freely without having any weight. This is due to the
phenomenon of ‘weightlessness’. You seem to have
lost your weight when you move down with a certain
acceleration. Sometimes, you experience the same
feeling while travelling in a lift
 When the person in a lift moves down with an
acceleration (a) equal to the acceleration due to
gravity (g), i.e., when a = g, this motion is called as
‘free fall’.
Weightlessness of the
astronauts
 Astronauts are not floating but falling
freely around the earth due to their
huge oribital velocity. Since
spacestation and astronauts have
equal acceleration, they are under
free fall condition
Application of Newton’s
law of gravitation
 1) Dimensions of the heavenly bodies can be measured
using the gravitation law. Mass of the Earth, radius of the
Earth, acceleration due to gravity, etc. can be calculated
with a higher accuracy.
 2) Helps in discovering new stars and planets.
 3) One of the irregularities in the motion of stars is called
‘Wobble’ lead to the disturbance in the motion of a
planet nearby. In this condition the mass of the star can
be calculated using the law of gravitation.
 4) Helps to explain germination of roots is due to the
property of geotropism which is the property of a root
responding to the gravity.
 5) Helps to predict the path of the astronomical bodies.
Points to Remember

 Mechanics is divided into statics and dynamics.

 Ability of a body to maintain its state of rest or motion is called
Inertia.
 Moment of the couple is measured by the product of any one of
the forces and the perpendicular distance between two forces.
 SI unit of force is newton (N). C.G.S unit is dyne.
 When a force F acts on a body for a period of time t, then the
product of force and time is known as ‘impulse’.
 The unit of weight is newton or kg f
 The weight of a body is more at the poles than at the equatorial
region.
 Mass of a body is defined as the quantity of matter contained in
the object. Its SI unit is kilogram (kg).
 Apparent weight is the weight of the body acquired due to the
action of gravity and other external forces on the body.
 Whenever a body or a person falls freely under the action of
Earth’s gravitational force alone, it appears to have zero weight.
This state is referred to as ‘weightlessness’.
THANK U