‫بسم الله الرحمن‬

‫الرحيم‬

Sudan University of Science and Technology (SUST)-

School of Electrical and Nuclear Engineering
M.Sc. (Power)
Course Name: Power System Analysis
Course Code : EE601

Lec:05

Dr. Mohammed Osman Hassan

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 Load Frequency control

Generators obviously represent the most important means

for system control. Automatic control of generators
involves two major control loops with which the large
generators in power system are equipped. These two major
loops are:
• Automatic load frequency control (ALFC) or
automatic generation control (AGC) loop.
• Automatic voltage regulator (AVR) Loop.
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 Tie-line
power (36)
comparator
Hydraulic Steam Amplifier
Integrator Amplifier Valves
Signal
mixing
system
(24) |Vref|
Speed
Speed
changer
error Exciter (37)
Speed signal Rectifier
and filter
Frequency Turbine Gen
AVR loop (38)
Speed sensor Voltage
Sensor
(PT)
Secondary ALFC Prim. ALFC Loop Gen. Power O/P
Loop

(31) (35) Frequency sensor

Load and or interconnection

Figure(1)- AVR and ALFC loops of large generators

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 AVR loop: is assigned to control the magnitude of
the terminal voltage (V) of the generator, which, in turn,
maintaining bus voltage manipulating the reactive power
O/P. the process involves continuous sensing of the
terminal voltage, its rectification, smoothing and
comparison with a preset dc reference (|Vref|). Then this
compared result “error voltage”, after amplification and
shaping, is used to control the alternator field excitation.
ALFC loop: regulates the real power O/P and
corresponding frequency of the Gen. power O/P.

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 ALFC

Primary ALFC loop Secondary ALFC

Senses the turbine speed loop
and controls the operation of senses frequency of the
the control valves of turbine generator O/P and maintains
power I/P via the speed proper power interchange
governor. with the interconnections.
This loop is faster than the slower in response.
Sec. ALFC loop. Insensitive to rapid load
Operates in order of and frequency changes
seconds. Operates in order of
minutes.
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 Automatic voltage regulator (AVR) Loop
The block in fig(1), has two inputs,
field voltage from exciter and mechanical
power The
fromfield
turbine.
voltage (and current) may be
supplied by a dc gen. driven by a motor or
by a shaft of the turbine gen. rectifier and
thyristor units converting ac to dc in a
various ways are also common. In any case,
the units are called Exciter, and the
complete voltage control system, including
an error detector and various feedback
loops, Consider
is usuallythe
called an excitation
excitation system system
shown
or
in automatic
fig (2),voltage
and regulator
the block (AVR).
diagram
representation is given in fig (3).
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 Exciter if
Amp
ie

Reference V
voltage (Vref) ea ef
∆e
Feedback

- +

PT

Rectifier

Figure(2)- Excitation system

From above figure

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 Figure(3)- Excitation system bock diagram

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Examples

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Speed governing system

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 To raise the steam entry, speed changer setting is
raised,’A’ lowers, ‘C’ and ‘D’ raises, and subsequently ‘E’ goes
down. High pressure oil enters through upper opening of the
main piston, which, then, moves downwards. This opens main
control valve. To reduce the steam entry, speed changer is
lowered and reverse operation takes place.
Once turbine speed increases, balls of the speed governor
B1 and B2 mover outer, ‘B’ lowers, lowering point ‘D’. High
pressure oil enters through lower opening raising the main
piston, closing the steam valve. This reduces the steam entry.
The upward movement of the linkage point ‘E’ results in an
increment in the control valve power given by ∆PCV which is
then transferred to increment of turbine power ∆PT. this
operation has been denoted by dotted arrows.
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 An increase in generated O/P power ∆Pe results from an
increase in ∆Pref and a decrease in ∆f; where ∆f is the incremental
change in the system frequency being characterized here by
change of speed.
For small increment

1
•-ve sign for ∆f appears to represent frequency droop.

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 2

Above by

Taking Laplace transformation of eq.( 1 )

5
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The bock diagram of the governor system is represent below
∆f(s) [From power system in terms of speed]

1/r ∆PD=∆Pe

-
-
+ ∆Pe ∆PT ∆PT=∆PD
GA(s) GT(s)

∆Pref ∆PCV +

Speed Hydraulic Turbine-generator

governor ampifier

Figure (9) block diagram of Prim. ALFC loop

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 Where:
∆PCV = Change in Hyd. Amp. O/P
∆PT = Change in turbine power O/P
∆PD = Load demand
∆Pe = Change in gen. O/P

GT(S) = ∆PT /∆PCV = 1 / 1 +sTT

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