Chapter

five
Introduction
to Augmented
Reality (AR)

1
Overview of augmented
reality
 The fundamental idea of AR is to combine, or mix, the view of
the real environment with additional, virtual content that is
presented through computer graphics.
 Augmented reality (AR) is a form of emerging
technology that allows users to overlay computer-generated
content in the real world.
 AR refers to a live view of a physical real-world environment
whose elements are merged with augmented computer-
generated images creating a mixed reality.
 AR brings the digital world into the world of the user
2
 A
R
 The augmentation is typically done in real-time and in semantic context
with environmental elements.
 Augmented Reality (AR) as a real-time direct or indirect view of a
physical real-world environment that has been
enhanced/augmented by adding virtual computer-generated
information to it.
 Augmented reality is the integration of digital information with the
user's environment in real-time.
 Unlike virtual reality, which creates a totally artificial
environment,
 augmented reality uses the existing environment and overlays new
information on top of it.
3
Virtual reality (VR), Augmented
Reality (AR) vs Mixed reality (MR)

4
Virtual Reality
(VR)
 Bring the user into the digital world
 VR is fully immersive, which tricks your senses into thinking
you’re in a different environment or world apart from the real
world.
 Using a head-mounted display (HMD) or headset, you’ll experience
a computer-generated world of imagery and sounds in which you can
manipulate objects and move around using haptic controllers while
tethered to a console or PC.
 It is also called a computer-simulated reality.
 Advanced VR environment will engage all five senses (taste, sight,
smell, touch, sound)
5
 V
RMost VR headsets are connected to a computer (Oculus Rift) or a gaming
console (PlayStation VR) but
 there are standalone devices (Google Cardboard is among the most
popular) as well.
 Most standalone VR headsets work in combination with smartphones
– you insert a smartphone, wear a headset, and immerse in the virtual
reality

6
 Augmented Reality
 In(AR)
AR users see and interact with the real world while
digital content is added to it.
 Examples of augmented reality experiences include
Snapchat lenses and the game Pokemon Go.
 There’s a different way to
experience augmented reality,
though with special AR headsets,
such as Google Glass, where
digital content is displayed on a tiny
screen in front of a user’s eye
7
Mixed Reality
(MR)
 Mixed Reality (MR), sometimes referred to as hybrid
reality, is the merging of real and virtual worlds to
produce new environments and visualizations where
physical and digital objects co-exist and interact in
real- time.
 For example, with MR, you can play a virtual video
game, grab your real-world water bottle, and smack
an imaginary character from the game with the bottle.
 The key characteristic of MR is that the synthetic
content and the real-world content are able to react to
each other in real-time.

8
MR

 InMR, you interact with and manipulate both physical and

virtual items and environments, using next-generation
sensing and imaging technologies.
 MR allows you to see and immerse yourself in the world
around you even as you interact with a virtual
environment using your own hands—all without ever
removing your headset.
 One of the most obvious differences among augmented reality,
virtual reality, and mixed reality is the hardware requirements

9
• Mixed Reality in Engineering and
Medicine

10
 VR vs MR vs
AR
 .

VR AR VR MR AR.mp4 MR
content which is 100% digital overlays digital content on digital overlay that allows interactive virtual
top of the real-world elements to integrate and interact with the
real-world environment.

VR Bring the user into the AR brings the digital world MR blends the digital world with the user’s
digital world into the world of the user real world

enjoyed in a fully immersive special AR headsets, Best example of MR is micro

environment, such as Google Glass soft HoloLens
require specialized VR headsets require more powerful hardware
Creates a totally artificial Add things to the existing
environment world

11
The architecture of AR
Systems
 The first Augmented Reality Systems (ARS) were
usually designed with a basis on three main
blocks:
1. Infrastructure Tracker Unit,
2. Processing Unit, and
3. Visual Unit.
 The Infrastructure Tracker Unit was responsible for
collecting data from the real world, sending them to the
Processing Unit, which mixed the virtual content with the real
content and sent the result to the Video Out module of the
Visual Unit.
12
13
.
 The Visual Unit can be classified into two types of system,
depending on the followed visualization technology:
1. Video see-through: It uses a Head-Mounted
Display (HMD) that employs a video-mixing and
displays the merged images on a closed-view HMD.
2. Optical see-through: It uses an HMD that employs optical
combiners to merge the images within an open-view
HMD.
 HMDs are currently the dominant display technology in the
AR field.

14
Applications of AR
Systems
 Technology is ever-changing and ever-growing.
 The purpose of any invention and technology is to simplify our life
 One of the newest developing technologies is augmented reality (AR),
which can be applied to many different disciplines such as education,
medicine, entertainment, military, etc.
1. AR In education:
 Affordable learning materials:
 posters, physical models, prototypes are very expensive and it’s
impossible for schools to find enough money to purchase all the
supplementary materials
 Using AR technology allows for avoiding investments in physical
materials.
15
AR In education:
 Interactive lessons - when AR technology is used in
classrooms, students can view models on their own
smartphones and get a better idea of the concepts they
are studying.
 Higher engagement - when teachers integrate augmented
reality into their lectures, they attract the attention of
their students and make lessons more effective.
 Higher retention- When learning with AR technology,
students use different senses and retain more knowledge
for a long time.
 Boost intellectual curiosity- augmented reality makes
students more excited about learning certain subjects.
16
 AR In
 Medicine
augmented reality has already made significant changes in
the following medical areas:
 surgery (minimally invasive surgery);
 education of future doctors;
 diagnostics;
 AR tools may also aid to detect the signs of depression
and other mental illnesses by reading from facial
expressions, voice tones, and physical gestures

17
In medicine, AR has the following
applications:
 Describing symptoms: help patients to understand their conditions
and describe correctly their symptoms by showing the simulations
 Nursing care: About 40% of the first intra-venous injections fail,
and this ratio is even higher in the case of children and elderly
patients.
A handheld scanner projects on the skin and shows the
patients’ veins.
 Surgery –with the use of AR, it can reduce the time, cut the risks
and improve the results.
 Ultrasounds:
 Diabetes management:
 Navigation
18
 .

 Generally,AR provides the following benefits to

patients and healthcare workers:
 Reduce the risks associated with minimally invasive
surgery.
 Betterinformed decisions about the right treatment
and illness prevention.
 Make procedures more tolerable.
 Better aftercare
 Medical training and education.
 Assistance in medical procedures and routine tasks.

19
 AR In
Entertainment
 AR in games - example, Pokémon.
 AR in music - Augmented reality can enhance live
performances
 AR on Tv- adding supplementary information to what is
going on the TV screen – such as match scores, betting
options
 AR in esports – shows into interactive experiences allowing
the watchers to become participants.
 AR in the theater -many theaters use LED displays either to
provide subtitles for translation or to assist hearing-
impaired visitors 20
.

End of chapter five

?

21
 Chapter
six
INTRODUCTION TO
ETHICS AND
PROFESSIONALISM
OF EMERGING
TECHNOLOGIES 54

22
 Technology and
ethics
 The Internet boom has provided many benefits for society,
 allowing the creation of new tools and
new ways for people to interact.
Increase knowledge and understanding
 Aswith many technological advances, however, the Internet
has not been without negative aspects.
 Technology has positive and negative impacts
 So,emerging technologies in such a way as to maximize the
benefits that they provide while minimizing the harms
23
Ethics
 Ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the behavior
of a group or individual.
 Ethics is particularly important for the accountancy
profession, with a code for professional ethics based on
five basic principles –
 integrity,
 objectivity,
 competence and due care,
 confidentiality, and
 professional behavior.

24
New ethical questions related
emerging technology

 A central problem of the ethics of technology is that it

tends to arrive too late.
 Inmany cases, ethical issues are only recognized when
the technology is already on the market and problems
arise during its widespread use.
 Ethicscan then become a tool to clean up a mess that
might have been avoidable.

25
 General ethical
principles
1. Contribute to society and to human well-being, acknowledging
that all people are stakeholders in computing.
2. Avoid harm.
3. Be honest and trustworthy.
4. Be fair and take action not to discriminate
5. Respect the work required to produce new ideas, inventions,
creative works, and computing artifacts.
6. Respect privacy.
7. Honor confidentiality

26
 Professional
1.
responsibilities.
Strive to achieve high quality in both the processes and products of
professional work.
2. Maintain high standards of professional competence, conduct, and ethical
practice.
3. Know and respect existing rules pertaining to professional work.
4. Accept and provide appropriate professional review.
5. Give comprehensive and thorough evaluations of computer systems and their
impacts, including analysis of possible risks.
6. Perform work only in areas of competence.
7. Foster public awareness and understanding of computing, related technologies,
and
their consequences.
8. Access computing and communication resources only when authorized or when
compelled by the public good. 27
 Professional leadership
1. principles.
Ensure that the public good is the central concern during all professional computing
work.
2. Articulate, encourage acceptance of and evaluate fulfillment of social responsibilities
by members of the organization or group.
3. Manage personnel and resources to enhance the quality of working life.
4. Articulate, apply, and support policies and processes that reflect the principles of the
Code.
5. Create opportunities for members of the organization or group to grow as
professionals.
6. Use care when modifying or retiring systems. Interface changes, the removal of
features, and even software updates have an impact on the productivity of users
and the quality of their work.
7. Recognize and take special care of systems that become integrated into the
infrastructure of society.
28
 Digital
privacy
 DigitalPrivacy: is the protection of personally identifiable
or business identifiable information that is collected from
respondents through information collection activities or
from other sources.
 Itis a collective definition that encompasses three sub-
related categories;
1. information privacy,
2. communication privacy, and
3. individual privacy

29
 Information
Privacy
 information privacy: is the notion that individuals should
have the freedom, or right, to determine how their digital
information, mainly that pertaining to personally identifiable
information, is collected and used.
Communication Privacy:
 isthe notion that individuals should have the freedom, or right,
to communicate information digitally with the expectation that
their communications are secure;
 meaning that messages and communications will only be
accessible to the sender's original intended recipient.
30
 Individual
Privacy
 Individual privacy is the notion that individuals have a right
to exist freely on the internet,
 Inthat they can choose what types of information they are
exposed to, and more importantly that unwanted
information should not interrupt them
 An example of a digital breach of individual privacy would
be an internet user receiving unwanted ads and
emails/spam, or a computer virus that forces the user to
take actions they otherwise wouldn't

31
 Some digital privacy
principles
 Data Minimization: collect the minimal amount of information
necessary from individuals and businesses consistent with the
Department’s mission and legal requirements.
 Transparency: Information collected will not be used for any other
purpose unless authorized or mandated by law.
 Accuracy: Information collected will be maintained in a
sufficiently accurate, timely, and complete manner to ensure that
the interests of the individuals and businesses are protected.
 Security: Adequate physical and IT security measures will be
implemented to ensure that the collection, use, and maintenance of
identifiable information are properly safeguarded.
32
 Treats and
challenges
Ethical and regulatory
challenges
What are the challenges of using technologies like AI,
IoT, robotics and big data?
Accountability and trust
Why are Accountability and trust so important in using
emerging technologies ?
Treats
Write down some risks in emerging technologies like
driverless cars, drones, and IoT?
33
 Accountability and
trustemerging technology creates far-reaching and rapid
 When
change, it can also bring new risks.
 Understanding and mitigating them will help
to build confidence.
 Emerging technologies can provide improved accuracy, better
quality and cost efficiencies for businesses in every sector.
 There’s a danger that the use of technology will degrade
people’s willingness to judge and intervene because they feel
that they are less personally connected to consumers and
consumer outcomes – the logic of the machine has taken
over from individual responsibility.
34
.

End of chapter
six
?
35
 Chapter
seven
Introduction to
Other emerging
technologies
68

36
Nanotechnolo
gy
 Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology
conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100
nanometers.
 Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and
application of extremely small things and can be
used across all the other science fields, such as
chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and
engineering.

37
38