CHAPTER 1

Basics of C++ Programming

 Outlines:
 Structure of C++ program
 Concepts of Algorithms
 Variables and Data types
 Basic Elements of C++ program
 Operators and Statements
 Structure of a C++ program

 A C++ program is structured in a specific and particular manner.

 In C++, a program is divided into the following three sections:

i. Standard Libraries Section

ii. Main Function Section

iii. Function Body Section

.
 Cont.…
1. Header files contain the definition of the functions and macros we are
using in our program.
 #include is a preprocessor directive using which we import header files.

 Syntax: #include <library_name>

2. Namespace in C++ is used to provide a scope or a region where we

define identifiers.
 It is used to avoid name conflicts between two identifiers as only unique
names can be used as identifiers. Syntax: using namespace std;
 Cont.…
3. main function is the most important part of any C++ program.
 The program execution always starts from the main function. All the
other functions are called from the main function.
 Syntax: int main(){

return 0;

}
 Cont.…
4. Blocks are the group of statements that are enclosed within { } braces.
 They define the scope of the identifiers and are generally used to enclose the
body of functions and control statements.
 Syntax: {

return 0;}

5. Semicolon each statement in the above code is followed by a ( ; ) semicolon

symbol

Syntax: any statement;

 C++ Variables
 variable is a container (storage area) to hold data.
 To indicate the storage area, each variable should be given a unique name
(identifier). For example, int age = 25;
 Here, age is a variable of the int data type, and we have assigned an integer
value 25 to it.
 Note: The int data type suggests that the variable can only hold integers.
Similarly, we can use the double data type if we have to store decimals and
exponentials.
 Cont..
• A demonstration of other data types:

• Example

• int myNum = 5; // Integer (whole number without decimals)

double myFloatNum = 5.99; // Floating point number (with
decimals)
char myLetter = 'D'; // Character
string myText = "Hello"; // String (text)
bool myBoolean = true; // Boolean (true or false)
 Cont..
// operating with variables b = 2;

#include <iostream> a = a + 1;

using namspace std; result = a - b;

int main () // print out the result:

{ cout << resut;

// declaring variables: // terminate the program:

int a, b; return 0;

int result; // process: }

a = 9;
 Identifiers
• It is a name given to any program element, the elements might be
variable, function, array, structure or class.

• Rules : Only letters, digits and underlined characters are valid.

• Identifiers should always begin with a letter or an underscore.

• key words should not be used as names for identifiers .

• C++ is case sensitive

 Cont..
All C++ variables must be identified with unique names.

These unique names are called identifiers.

Identifiers can be short names (like x and y) or more descriptive

names (age, sum, total Volume).

Note: It is recommended to use descriptive names in order to create

understandable and maintainable code:
 Data Type
 It is a name given to a set of values which have common property.
 data types are declarations for variables.
 This determines the type and size of data associated with variables.
 Cont..
// C++ Program to Demonstrate the correct cout << sizeof(int) << endl;
size

// of various data types on your computer. cout << sizeof(long) << endl;
#include <iostream> cout << sizeof(float) << endl;
using namespace std; cout << sizeof(double) << endl;
int main() return 0;
{ }
cout << sizeof(char) << endl;
 Constant C++

 A constant is any expression that has a fixed value.

 Constant C++ provide two types

I. Literal constant : is a value typed directly into the program wherever it is

needed

E.g. Int x=22; 22 is a literal constant in this statement:

II. Symbolic constant: is a constant that is represented by a name , similar to that

of a variable

In C++ symbolic constant is declared two ways .These are using the const
keyword and #define
 Literal constant
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
float x=3.5;
float y=7.8, sum;
x=9.5;
sum=x+y;
cout<<"The sum of x and y is\t"<<sum<<endl;
return 0;
}
 Define constant
#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

#define x 9.5

int main(){

float y=7.8, sum;

sum=x+y;

cout<<"The sum of x and y is\t"<<sum<<endl;

return 0;

}
 Const constant
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
const float x=10;
float y=9,sum;
x=20;
sum=x+y;
cout<<"The sum of x and y is\
t"<<sum<<endl;
return 0;
}
 Assignment Operator (=)
 Causes the operand on the left side of the assignment statement to
have its value changed to the value on the right side of the statement
variable
 Syntax: operand1=operand2;

 Operand 1 is always a variable

 Operand 2 can be one or more combination of

 A literal constant : eg x=33;

 Cont..
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int a=8, b=3;
a=b;
cout<<a<<endl;
return 0;
}
 Arithmetic operator(+,*,%,/,-,)
• Arithmetic operators are used to perform common mathematical
operations.
 Cont..
#include <iostream> • // Modulo operator
using namespace std; • cout << (x % y) << endl;
int main() •
{ • // Division operator
int x = 10, y = 5; • cout << (x // y) << endl;
// Addition operator
cout<<(x + y) << endl; • return 0;
// Multiplication operator •}
cout << (x * y) << endl;
// Subtraction operator
cout (x - y) << endl;
 Relational Operators(==, <, <= ,> ,>=, !=)

 These operators are used for the comparison of the values of two
operands. For example, ‘>’ checks if one operand is greater than the
other operand or not, etc.
 The result returns a Boolean value, i.e., true or false.
Cont..
 Cont..
#include <iostream> cout << (x < y) << endl;
using namespace std; // Equal to operator
cout << (x == y) << endl;
int main() // Greater than or Equal to operator
{ cout << (x >>= y) << endl;
int x = 8, y = 2;
// Greater than operator // Lesser than or Equal to operator
cout<< (x > y) << endl; cout << (x <= y) << endl;

// not return 0;
cout << (x != y) << endl; }

// Lesser than operator

 Logical Operators(&&, ||, !)
These operators are used to combine two or more conditions or constraints or
to complement the evaluation of the original condition in consideration. The
result returns a Boolean value, i.e., true or false.
 Logical AND (&&) produces 0 if one or both of its operands evaluate to 0
otherwise, it produce 1
 Logical OR(||) produce 0 if both of its operands evaluate to 0 otherwise , it
produce 1.
E.g. ((22==22)&&(8>10)) // evaluates to false (true&&false).

 ((22==22)||(8>10)) // evaluates to true (true||false).

Cont..
 cont..
#include<iostream> // Logical NOT operator
using namespace std; cout << "!x is " << (!x) << endl;
int main(){
int x = 8, y = 3; return 0;
// Logical AND operator }
cout << "x && y is " << (x && y)
<< endl;
// Logical OR operator
cout << "x || y is " << (x || y) <<
endl;
Compound Assignment operators(+=,-=,/=,%=,*=)
 The combination of the assignment operators with other operators like
arithmetic and bit wise operators.
 The assignment operator has a number of variant , obtained by
combining it with other operators
 E.g. x+=8; is equivalent to x=a+8;
 Cont..
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int sum=4,pro=5,dif=2,quo=6,rem=3;
sum +=4;
pro *= 5;
dif -= 1;
rem %= 2;
quo /= 2;
cout<<sum<<endl<<pro<<endl<<rem<<endl<<dif<<endl<<quo<<endl;
return 0;
}
 Reading Assignment
 Increment and decrement operator
 Datatype modifier
 C++ Control Statements
 Types of errors in C++