University Institute of

Engineering
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER
SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Bachelor of Engineering
(Computer Science & Engineering)
Subject Name: Computer Network
Subject Code: CSH-312/ ITH-312
Prepared By :Er. Monika(E9911)
DISCOVER . LEARN .
EMPOWER
 Department of Computer and Science Engineering (CSE)

Introduction of Classful IP Addressing

• An IP address is an address that has information about
how to reach a specific host, especially outside the LAN.
• An IP address is a 32-bit unique address having an
address space of 232.
• Classful IP addressing
It is a way of organizing and managing IP addresses, which
are used to identify devices on a network.
-Each device on a network needs its unique address to
communicate with other devices.

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Format of IP Address
• An IPv4 address is written as four numbers separated by periods, like this:
192.168.1.1. Each number can range from 0 to 255.
• It is divided into two parts: Network ID and Host ID.
Notations
There are two notations in which the IP address is written, dotted decimal and
hexadecimal notation.
• Dotted Decimal Notation
-The value of any segment (byte) is between 0 and 255 (both included).
-No zeroes are preceding the value in any segment (054 is wrong, 54 is correct).
• Dotted Decimal Notation

.
 Classful Addressing

Hexadecimal Notation

The 32-bit IP address is divided into five sub-classes. These are given below:
• Class A
• Class B
• Class C
• Class D
• Class E
 Purpose of Classful Addressing
• Each of these classes has a valid range of IP
addresses.
• Classes D and E are reserved for multicast and
experimental purposes respectively.
• The class of IP address is used to determine
the bits used for network ID and host ID and
the number of total networks and hosts
possible in that particular class..
 Classful Addressing

• Each of these classes has a valid range of IP

addresses.
• Classes D and E are reserved for multicast and
experimental purposes respectively.
• The class of IP address is used to determine
the bits used for network ID and host ID and
the number of total networks and hosts
possible in that particular class..
Note : IP addresses are globally managed by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA) and
Regional Internet Registries(RIR).
 Classful Addressing

Important: While finding the total number of host IP addresses, 2 IP

addresses are not counted and are therefore, decreased from the total
count because the first IP address of any network is the network number
and whereas the last IP address is reserved for broadcast IP.
 Classful Addressing

Important: While finding the total number of host IP addresses, 2 IP

addresses are not counted and are therefore, decreased from the total
count because the first IP address of any network is the network number
and whereas the last IP address is reserved for broadcast IP.
 Classful A Addressing

• IP addresses belonging to class A are assigned to the networks that

contain a large number of hosts.
• The network ID is 8 bits long.
• The host ID is 24 bits long.

Network ID The higher-order bit of the first octet in class A is always set to 0.
The remaining 7 bits in the first octet are used to determine network ID.

Host ID The 24 bits of host ID are used to determine the host in any network.
• The default subnet mask for Class A is 255.x.x.x. Therefore, class A has a
total of:
• 2^24 – 2 = 16,777,214 host ID
 Classful A Addressing

• IP addresses belonging to class A ranges from 0.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255.

 Classful B Addressing

Class B
• IP address belonging to class B is assigned to networks that range from
medium-sized to large-sized networks.
• The network ID is 16 bits long.
• The host ID is 16 bits long.
• The higher-order bits of the first octet of IP addresses of class B are always
set to 10.
• The remaining 14 bits are used to determine the network ID.
• The 16 bits of host ID are used to determine the host in any network.
• The default subnet mask for class B is 255.255.x.x.
• Class B has a total of: 2^14 = 16384 network address
2^16 – 2 = 65534 host address
 Classful B Addressing

Class B
• IP addresses belonging to class B ranges from 128.0.0.0 –191.255.255.255.
 Classful C Addressing

IP addresses belonging to class C are assigned to small-sized networks.

• The network ID is 24 bits long.
• The host ID is 8 bits long.
• The higher-order bits of the first octet of IP addresses of class C is always
set to 110.
• The remaining 21 bits are used to determine the network ID.
• The 8 bits of host ID are used to determine the host in any network.
• The default subnet mask for class C is 255.255.255.x.
• Class C has a total of:
2^21 = 2097152 network address
2^8 – 2 = 254 host address
• IP addresses belonging to class C range from 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255.
 Classful C Addressing

• Class C has a total of:

2^21 = 2097152 network address
2^8 – 2 = 254 host address
• IP addresses belonging to class C range from 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255.
 Classful D Addressing

Class D
• IP address belonging to class D is reserved for multi-casting.
• The higher-order bits of the first octet of IP addresses belonging to class D
is always set to 1110. The remaining bits are for the address that
interested hosts recognize.
• Class D does not possess any subnet mask. IP addresses belonging to class
D range from 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255.
 Classful E Addressing

• Class E
• IP addresses belonging to class E are reserved for experimental and
research purposes. IP addresses of class E range from 240.0.0.0 –
255.255.255.255. This class doesn’t have any subnet mask. The higher-
order bits of the first octet of class E are always set to 1111.
 IP Addressing
Range of Special IP Addresses
• 169.254.0.0 – 169.254.0.16 : Link-local addresses
127.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255 : Loop-back addresses
0.0.0.0 – 0.0.0.8: used to communicate within the current network.
Rules for Assigning Host ID
Host IDs are used to identify a host within a network. The host ID is assigned
based on the following rules:
• Within any network, the host ID must be unique to that network.
• A host ID in which all bits are set to 0 cannot be assigned because this host
ID is used to represent the network ID of the IP address.
• Host ID in which all bits are set to 1 cannot be assigned because this host
ID is reserved as a broadcast address to send packets to all the hosts
present on that particular network.
 IP Addressing
Rules for Assigning Network ID
• Hosts that are located on the same physical network are
identified by the network ID, as all host on the same physical
network is assigned the same network ID. The network ID is
assigned based on the following rules:
-The network ID cannot start with 127 because 127 belongs to the
class A address and is reserved for internal loopback functions.
-All bits of network ID set to 1 are reserved for use as an IP
broadcast address and therefore, cannot be used.
-All bits of network ID set to 0 are used to denote a specific host on
the local network and are not routed and therefore, aren’t used.
 Problems With Classful Addressing

• The problem with this classful addressing method is

that millions of class A addresses are wasted, many of
the class B addresses are wasted, whereas, the number
of addresses available in class C is so small that it
cannot cater to the needs of organizations. Class D
addresses are used for multicast routing and are
therefore available as a single block only. Class E
addresses are reserved.
• Since there are these problems, Classful networking
was replaced by Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
in 1993.
Summary of Classful Addressing
 Department of Computer and Science Engineering (CSE)

References :
• Computer Networks, Tanenbaum, Andrew, Fifth Edition,
PHI.
• Data Communication and Networking, Behrouz A.
Forouzan, Fourth Edition.Larry
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUDtFjiNib4

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

THANK YOU

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)