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17 views

Chapter 01

Uploaded by

hazemmohummed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 36

Digital Image Processing

Chapter 1: Introduction

Dr. Mogeeb A. A. Mosleh


E-mail : [email protected]
Agenda
• What Is Digital Image Processing?
• The Origins of Digital Image Processing
• Fields that Use Digital Image Processing
– Gamma-Ray Imaging
– X-ray Imaging
– Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
– Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
– Imaging in the Microwave Band
– Imaging in the Radio Band
– Other Imaging Modalities Are Used
• Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
• Components of an Image Processing System
Image Processing
• Encompasses processes whose inputs and outputs are
images,
• Encompasses processes that extracts attributes from
images, up to & including the recognition of individual
objects.
• Computer Vision ≠ Image Processing.
• Paradigm = (Low, Mid, High) Levels
• Low: image preprocessing to reduce noise, contrast
enhancement, and image sharpening.
• Mid: segmentation, Classification.
• High: making sense.
• Example: Automated Analysis of Text.
Image Processing
• E.g. automated analysis of text

• Processes:
1. Acquire an image of the area
containing the text
2. Preprocessing the image
3. Extracting (segmenting) the
individual characters
4. Describing the characters in a form
suitable for computer processing
5. Recognizing individual characters
Computer vision
– Goal – to use computer to emulate human
vision, i.e. able to learn , make inference
and take actions based on visual inputs

– Important in medical, law enforcement,


satellite

– Image analysis – one of major topics:


• feature extraction-shape/color &
• pattern classification-higher level information
Low-level processing
• Primitive operations
– e.g. image preprocessing to reduce
noise, contrast enhancement, image
sharpening
• Inputs & outputs are images

http://www.birddigiscoper.com/blognw01.jpg
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/CVDICT/CVFIG5/img334.png
http://generalspecialist.com/uploaded_images/green_sharpening.jpg
Mid-level processing
• Segmentation
– Partitioning an image into regions and
objects

• Recognition of individual objects

• Inputs are generally images but outputs are


attributes extracted from those images (e.g.
edges, contours, identity of individual objects)
High-level processing
• “making sense” of an ensemble of recognized
objects, as in image analysis

• Involved image analysis as well as computer


vision
Definition
• Image: F(x,y)
– X & Y : are spatial (plane) Coordinate
– Intensity (gray): amplitude of F at any pair of coordinates.
• Digital Image: discrete quantities. (x,y,A) values are finite.
• Digital image processing: processing digital images by means
of a digital computer.
• Pixel: is the term most widely used to denote the elements of a
digital image.
• Vision: is the most advanced of our senses.
• Limitation of Vision: (EM, gamma to radio waves)
Digital Images in Early Era

1921 Telegraphing image

Printing industrial

Textile industrial

1922: image
from
Photographic
reproduction
Using punched
tape

These images are not computerized processed. (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Digital Images in Early Era

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
History of Computer Developments
• idea of a computer ( 5000 years ago).
• John von Neumann (1940): key concept.
• Bell Laboratories (1948): invention of the transistor .
• high-level programming languages (1950 – 1960): Fortran &
Cobol.
• Texas Instruments (1958): IC
• operating systems: early of (1960s)
• Intel (1970s): microprocessor
• IBM (1980): Personal Computer
• Jet Propulsion Laboratory (1964): using computer techniques
for improving images from a space probe be
• Involved image analysis as well as computer vision
Digital Image Processing in Early Space Projects

From the 1960s until the present.

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Fields that Use Digital Image Processing
Energy Sources for Images

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
http://www.windows2universe.org/physical_science/magnetism/images/em_spectrum_berkeley.jpg
Gamma Ray

Bone scan PET

External source
Radioactive
isotope decay
Internal Source
Positron emission
Star
Nuclear reaction

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Cygnus loop Reactor valve
X-Ray

PCB
Chest
X-Ray

Angiogram

Source : X-Ray tube


Star
Nuclear reaction

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Head CT Cygnus loop


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Ultraviolet

Normal corn Smut corm

Fluorescence
phenomenon

Cygnus Loop (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Visible Light and Infrared

Cholesterol

Taxol Microprocessor

Organic
Nickel oxide superconductor
Thin film

? (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Visible Light and Infrared

Washington
D.C.

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Multispectral Imaging

Hurricane Andrew
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Nighttime light of the world

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Nighttime light of the world (cont.)

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Automated Visual Inspection

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Automated Visual Inspection (cont.)

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Microwave

Spaceborne Radar image

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Magnetic

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Multispectral images

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Seismic imaging

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Ultrasound imaging

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Electron Microscope Images

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Synthesis Images

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Contents in the book
Fundamental Steps in Digital
Image Processing

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
General Purpose Image Processing System

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.


Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.
Tutorial 1
1. How image processing differs from computer vision?

2. How many processing levels are there in processing a digital image?


Explain each level.

3. What is an electromagnetic spectrum?

4. Give examples of the applications that uses the following light source:
i. Visible spectrum
ii. Radio waves
iii. Ultraviolet
5. Install Matlab in your Computer.

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