1

SBES152
Biomedical Signal
Processing

Lecture 01
Introduction to Digital Signal
Processing

Credit: Adapted from slides by Dr. Muhammed

Rushdi
 2

Course
Info
Instructors: Dr. Shereen M. El-Metwally
[email protected]
TA: Eng. Asmaa Youssef

Books:
Digital Signal Processing: Fundamentals and
Applications by Li Tan, and Jean Jiang
Academic Press, Second Edition (2013)

Signal and Systems Using Matlab by Luis

Chaparro
Elsevier Pub. Co. (2011).

Grading:
Assignments, Quizzes: 40%
Midterm Exam: 20%
Final Exam: 40%
 3

Overview
• In this course, we will consider both
the theoretical and practical aspects
of digital signal processing (DSP).

• The mathematics and DSP theories

will be extensively covered.

• Implementation of DSP algorithms using

Matlab will be essential in many course
assignments.
 4

Course Topics
1. Basics of discrete linear systems:
 linearity,
 time invariance,
 causality,
 stability,
 recursive forms.

2. Periodicity of discrete signals and

calculation of the fundamental period.

3. Basics of signal shifting and scaling.

 5

Course Topics
4. Basics of sampling theorem and analog
signal reconstruction from samples.

5. Z-transform: forward and inverse and

related theorems.

6. Discrete Time Fourier transform

(DTFT)

7. Discrete Fourier transform (DFT)

 6

Course Topics
7. How to increase frequency resolution
using zero-padding.

8. Linear vs. circular convolution

computation.

9. Discrete-time filter design

specifications and their different
forms.
 7

Course Topics
10.Discrete-time IIR filter design.

11.Discrete-time FIR filter design.

 8

Introduction
• Most signals come in analog form.
Examples: current, voltage, temperature, pressure,
and biomedical signals.

• Digital representation and processing of data has

become the trend (even if the output signal is
Analog).
▫ Computer capabilities increase continuously
▫ Immunity to noise (reliable, long-distance
transmission)
▫ Processed by S/W (cheap, flexible)
▫ More secure (sophisticated
 9

Basic DSP Block Diagram

 1
0

Basic DSP Block Diagram

• An analog “anti-aliasing” filter is

applied to limit the frequency range of
analog signals prior to the sampling
process in order to significantly
attenuate aliasing distortion.
 1
1

Basic DSP Block Diagram

• The band-limited signal at the output of

the analog filter is then sampled and
converted via the ADC unit into the
digital signal, which is discrete both in
time and in amplitude.
 1
2

Basic DSP Block Diagram

• The digital signal processor (DSP)

accepts the digital signal and processes
the digital data according to DSP rules
such as lowpass, highpass, and
bandpass digital filtering, or other
algorithms for different applications.
 1
3

Basic DSP Block Diagram

• The DAC unit, converts the processed

digital signal to an analog output
signal that is continuous in time and
discrete in amplitude.
 1
4

Basic DSP Block Diagram

• The DAC output voltage levels are

smoothed back to the analog signal via
a reconstruction (anti-image) filter
for real-world applications.
Digital Signal Processing
Applications
• Applications of DSP are increasing in
many areas where analog electronics
are being replaced by DSP chips.

• With the cost of DS processors

decreasing and their performance
increasing, DSP will continue to affect
engineering design in our modern daily
life.
 3
0

Continuous-Time and Discrete-

Time Representations
• Discrete-time signal x[n] and
corresponding analog signal x(t) are
related by sampling: where T is the
s
sampling period

• Ex:

Ts = 0.1 sec Ts = 1 sec

 1
5

Example Signal Processing

Applications

(1): Digital Filtering

▫ Remove noise using a digital low-pass filter.
▫Typical applications: acquisition of clean
digital audio and biomedical signals and
enhancement of speech recording.
 1
6

Example Signal Processing

Applications
(1): Digital Filtering
 1
7

Example Signal Processing

Applications
(2): Signal Frequency (Spectrum)
Analysis

▫Certain DSP applications often require that

time domain information and the frequency
content of the signal be analyzed
 1
8

Example Signal Processing

Applications
(2): Signal Frequency (Spectrum)
Analysis
 1
9

Example Signal Processing

Applications
(2): Signal Frequency (Spectrum)
▫ Applications:
Analysis
Identifying
frequency peaks
(speech formants) can
be used for
applications such as
speech modeling,
speech coding, speech
feature extraction for
speech synthesis and
recognition
 2
1

Example Signal Processing

Applications
(3): Interference
▫ Interference Cancellation
comes from the power line and includes in
ECG magnetic induction, displacement currents in leads or in the
body of the patient, effects from equipment interconnections,
and other imperfections.
 2
2

Example Signal Processing

Applications
(3): Interference
▫ A digital Cancellation
notch filter can eliminate in
the 60-Hz interference
ECG while keeping all the other useful information.
 2
3

Example Signal Processing

Applications
(4): Speech Coding and
• Digital voice recorders, digital audio recorders, and
Compression
MP3 players are products that use compression
techniques.
 2
8

Example Signal Processing

Applications
(5): Digital Photo Image
An example of signal processing in two
Enhancement
dimensions

Histogram equalization can stretch the light intensity of

an image to increase image contrast
Analog vs. Discrete
(from Math perspective)
Analog Discrete
Functions of Sequences of
continuous variables numbers
Derivative Difference
Integral Summation
Differential equations Difference equations
 3
2

Derivatives and Finite

Differences
• Derivative operator D

• Forward finite-difference
operator 

• Related
by:
 3
3

Derivatives and Finite

Differences: Example
• Consider the following 3
cases
(t)

Ts = 1

Ts = 0.01
• What are the true derivatives (at t=nTs) in the
above cases?

Whenever the rate of change of the signal is faster,

difference gets closer to derivative by making Ts smaller
 3
4

Integrals and Summations:

•
 3
5

Integrals and
Summations:
Example
• Approximation of area under x(t)= t,
0<t<10

▫ True result: t2/2= 50

▫ Ts= 1: sum result= 45

 Very poor approximation

▫ Ts= 10-3: sum result= 49.995

 Much better approximation
 3
6

Differential and Difference

Equations
• Differential equations are used to
model the dynamics of continuous-
time systems

• Difference equations are used to

model the dynamics of discrete-
time systems.

• Difference equations are used for

solving differential equations
using the computer.
 3
8

Reading
• Read Chapter 1 from:
“Digital Signal Processing:
Fundamentals and Applications” by Li
Tan, and Jean Jiang

• Read Chapter 1 from:

“Signal and Systems Using Matlab”
by Luis Chaparro

• Next: Signal Sampling and