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1-1 - Fundamentals of Gis

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13 views16 pages

1-1 - Fundamentals of Gis

Uploaded by

Mrinmayee Ganage
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fundamentals of GIS

GIS for Spatial Planning


Training for Ministry of Transport
Mozambique

Maputo, Mozambique
2-13 July 2018

Geoinformation and Sectoral Statistics


Understanding GIS

 A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to


capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial
or geographic data.
 GIS is a system that integrates hardware, software, and data for
capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of
geographically referenced information
 specific data types, data access methods and spatial data
analysis methods, visualization of results
 GIS gives better picture and understanding of the real-world
 Organizations use GIS to solve problems and improve
processes; spatial planning

2
Components of GIS

GIS integrates the five key components


 GIS software and hardware
 Data
 People
 Policy and procedures /
methods of implementation

3
Components of GIS

Software and Hardware:


 Hardware: Computer and associated hardware used for data
capturing and dissemination: GPS, digitizers, Scanners, Printers,
plotters
 requirement of GIS software
 Software: provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and
display geographic information
 Several GIS software are available
 Free and Open source: QGIS, ILWIS, GRASS GIS, SAGA GIS, MapWindow, etc.
 Proprietary software: ArcGIS (ESRI ), GeoMedia, MapInfo, SuperGIS, IDRISI, etc.
 Decision is based on the institution requirement
 Size of data handled; Cost of the software; Functionalities provided, etc.
 day-to-day operating procedures and costs; staffing requirements and
costs;
 Maintenance costs; application development and cost
 user training and costs; etc. 4
Components of GIS

 Data: is important part of a GIS


 The most expensive component of a GIS.
 due to the high costs of data acquisition, especially
using remotely sensing earth observation satellites.
 Building the database also takes a lot of time,
and large amount of money.
 Implementing a Geospatial database requires
planning and choosing the right information
base for the particular application of an
organization/business.
5
Components of GIS

 The people: transform the geographic/(geo)spatial


data in a form usable by every one, the geospatial
information.
 GIS is an interdisciplinary field that requires varied
backgrounds of expertise (the people)
depending on the applications in use
 Policies and Institutional frameworks: also
important for a functional GIS.
 The interest and willingness of decision makers to exploit
GIS technology, and
 The organizational setup for collecting spatial data,
analyzing, and using the results for planning and
implementation
6
Functionalities of GIS

 GIS Data input, storage and retrieval


 Data manipulation and analysis
 Data output/display or visualization
 Database management

7
Geospatial Data
 Spatial /Geospatial data is raw data
distinguished by the presence of a geographic
link; connected to a known place on the earth
 Represent objects or phenomena with specific
location in space
 Geospatial data is geographically/spatially
referenced in some consistent manner, such as by
means of latitude and longitude, a national
coordinate system, postal codes, or electoral area
 Geographic information/Geo-information is a
specific type of information resulting form
interpretation of spatial data/geospatial data
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Geospatial Data
 Two important components of geospatial data:
geographic position and attributes or
properties
 Geographic position specifies the location of a
feature or phenomenon by using a coordinate
system (x, y, z)
 Attributes /non spatial data refer to the various
properties of the phenomenon or feature
 GIS software use database management systems
to handle attribute or non-spatial data
 Provides the link between the geographic
position/spatial data 9and attribute/non-spatial
Geospatial Data Sources
 GIS handles different data from different
sources to produce new information
 Geospatial data acquired using different
sources
 Common data sources:
 Paper maps,
 Existing digital data
 Aerial photographs
 GPS (Global Positioning Systems)
 Surveying instruments, e.g. Total
Station
 Imageries from Remote-sensing
satellites/ Earth observation
satellites and
 Laser Scanners, usually mounted in
Aircrafts
 Drones and UAVs

10
Geospatial Data Sources

 Earth observation data: most commonly used


data sources
 Earth observation is gathering of information
about the planet earth
 Earth observation satellites are satellites
specifically designed to observe Earth from space
 Data from Earth observation satellites/ Remote
sensing satellites are processed into images:
remote sensing images, satellite imageries
or satellite data

11
Geospatial Data Sources

 Data collected using GPS can be imported in to a


GIS system
 Global Positioning Systems (GPS) used for data
collection and capture
 GPS is a space-based satellite navigation system
that provides location and time information
 GPS is one of the Global
Navigation Satellite Systems
(GNSS);
 Other GNSS include:
GLONASS (Russia),
Galileo(Europe), Beidou
(China)
12
Geospatial Data Sources

 Existing digital data are available in different


formats
 Features extracted from satellite images using
image processing techniques, already existing in
different databases
 Most GIS databases created with data converted
from paper maps/ Arial photo
 Digital maps, datasets and image data are
available in the Internet, in different data portals

13
Applications of GIS

 80% of all data are related to a geographical


position
 Nearly every problem has some component of
location information
 GIS technology is used by a variety of
professionals for a broad range of applications
 Users: Government offices, research
organizations & academia, International/UN
agencies, etc. for decisions support, planning,
research, etc.
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Applications of GIS

Examples of applications:
 Water Resource Management
 Land degradation, Land use and Land cover change
 Disaster Risk Management
 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
 Food Security and Poverty Reduction
 Health and Telemedicine
 Land Administration/Cadastre,
 Socio-Economic mapping,
 Utility Management,
 Transport
 Media (e.g. TV: for Reporting, Marketing, Advertising, etc.)

15
THANK
YOU!

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