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9 views

ES Presentation

Uploaded by

himayath0606
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED

SYSTEMS

M.A. HIMAYATH SHAMSHI


Assoc. Prof
Department of ECE
Introduction
 We can broadly define an embedded system as a microcontroller-based, software-driven, reliable, real-
time control system, designed to perform a specific task.
 It can be thought of as a computer hardware system having software embedded in it. An embedded
system can be either an independent system or a part of a large system.

Prerequisites to understand embedded systems


 you should have a good understanding of the concepts of basic electronics such as circuits, logic gates,
etc.
System
 A system is an arrangement in which all its unit assembled to work together according to a set of
rules. It can also be defined as a way of working, organizing or doing one or many tasks according
to a fixed plan.
 For example, a watch is a time displaying system. Its components follow a set of rules to show time. If
one of its parts fails, the watch will stop working. So we can say, in a system, all its subcomponents
depend on each other.
Embedded System
 As its name suggests, Embedded means something that is attached to another thing.
 An embedded system can be thought of as a computer hardware system having software embedded in
it.
 An embedded system can be an independent system or it can be a part of a large system.
 An embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor based system which is designed to
perform a specific task.
Example : a fire alarm is an embedded system; it will sense only smoke.
An embedded system has three components −
 It has hardware.
 It has application software.
 It has Real Time Operating system (RTOS) that supervises the application software and provide
mechanism to let the processor run a process as per scheduling by following a plan to control the
latencies. RTOS defines the way the system works.
 It sets the rules during the execution of application program. A small scale embedded system may not
have RTOS.
 So we can define an embedded system as a Microcontroller based, software driven, reliable, real-time
control system.
Characteristics of an Embedded System
 Single-functioned
 Tightly constrained
 Reactive and Real time
 Microprocessors based
 Memory
 Connected
 HW-SW systems

Advantages
 Easily Customizable
 Low power consumption
 Low cost
 Enhanced performance
Disadvantages
 High development effort
 Larger time to market
Basic Structure of an Embedded System

 Processor is the heart of an embedded system.


 It is the basic unit that takes inputs and produces an output after processing the data.
 For an embedded system designer, it is necessary to have the knowledge of both microprocessors and
microcontrollers.
Processors in a System
A processor has two essential units
 Program Flow Control Unit (CU)
 Execution Unit (EU)
 The CU includes a fetch unit for fetching instructions from the memory. The EU has circuits that
implement the instructions pertaining to data transfer operation and data conversion from one form to
another.
 The EU includes the Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU) and also the circuits that execute
instructions for a program control task such as interrupt, or jump to another set of instructions.
 A processor runs the cycles of fetch and executes the instructions in the same sequence as they are
fetched from memory.
Types of Processors
Processors can be of the following categories −
 General Purpose Processor (GPP)
 Microprocessor
 Microcontroller
 Embedded Processor
 Digital Signal Processor
 Media Processor
 Application Specific System Processor (ASSP)
 Application Specific Instruction Processors (ASIPs)
 GPP core(s) or ASIP core(s) on either an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) or a Very
Large Scale Integration (VLSI) circuit.

Microprocessor vs Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
Microprocessors are multitasking in nature. Can Single task oriented. For example, a washing machine is
perform multiple tasks at a time. For example, on designed for washing clothes only.
computer we can play music while writing text in
text editor.
RAM, ROM, I/O Ports, and Timers can be added RAM, ROM, I/O Ports, and Timers cannot be added
externally and can vary in numbers. externally. These components are to be embedded
together on a chip and are fixed in numbers.
Designers can decide the number of memory or Fixed number for memory or I/O makes a
I/O ports needed. microcontroller ideal for a limited but specific task.
External support of external memory and I/O Microcontrollers are lightweight and cheaper than a
ports makes a microprocessor-based system microprocessor.
heavier and costlier.
External devices require more space and their A microcontroller-based system consumes less power
power consumption is higher. and takes less space.

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