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Interference 1.

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princekoshy77
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 3

Jain Joseph
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Basic Science
Amal Jyothi College of Engineering
Mech

Peacock’s feather
Oil slick on road
Interference of Light
The distribution of intensity of light caused by the
superposition of two or more beams is called
interference of light .
Principle of Superposition
Principle of superposition states that the resultant displacement
produced at a point in a continuous medium due to a number of
waves is the vector sum of the displacement produced by the
individual waves. After superposition, each wave retain its own
characteristics.
Conditions for Brightness

Actual Path Difference =

Conditions for Darkness

Actual Path Difference =


Theory of Thin Film Interference – Cosine Law

When a thin film of oil is spread on the surface of water is


exposed to sunlight, brilliant colours are seen. Similar colour
phenomenon is also exhibited by soap bubbles. These beautiful
colour effects arise from the interference between the light
waves reflected from the top and bottom surfaces of thin
transparent films.
Consider a thin transparent film of thickness t and refractive
index bounded by two plane parallel surfaces PQ and RS,
surrounded by air. Suppose a ray of light from an extended
monochromatic source is incident on the surface PQ at B. Here
the light is partly reflected along BC and partly refracted along
BD. Upon arrival at D, a part of the latter is again reflected along
DE inside the film and a part is transmitted along DF. Upon arrival
at E, a part of light is transmitted along EG. A continuation of this
process yields parallel rays on each side of film. If the reflected
rays are focussed by a lens, like a human eye, interference
patterns are obtained.
To find path difference between rays BDEG and BC, draw
perpendicular EN from E to BC and BM from B to DE.
The path difference between the rays BDEG
and BC is given by

Study this figure


-------(1)

Consider triangle BNE,


sin i = ---------(2)

Consider triangle BNE,


sin r = ---------(3)

According to snell’s law, = =

BN = (ME) ---------(4)
-------(1)
Then equation (1) becomes,
(ME)
)
) ----------(5)

Consider triangle HMB,


cos r =

HM = HB cos r -----------(6)

Substituting eqn (6) in (5),


) cos r
(BI = HI = t
ie; HB= 2t)

This is known as
Cosine law
While calculating the path difference, the phase
change that might occur during reflection has to be
taken into account.
Whenever light rays are reflected from optically
denser medium, the reflected wave undergoes a
phase change of )

Hence the effective path difference


between rays BDEG and BC is given by
-------(1) The film will appear bright when

=n
=n
=
where n = 0,1,2 etc

The film will appear dark when

=
=
= (n+1)
where n = 0,1,2 etc
Or = n
where n = 1,2 ,3 etc
Study this figure

𝐿1

𝐺1

Air film
G
• The fringes are circular because the locus of all
points having same thickness has circular
shape.

• Newton’s rings are formed because of the


interference between the waves reflected
from the top and bottom surfaces of the air
film formed between the lens and the glass
plate.
Expression for minima / Destructive interference is
Radius of nth
order dark ring

Thickness of
nth order dark
ring

R : Radius of
curvature of
lens

R
To find t in terms of R, we make use of geometry of fig.

Expression for radius of nth ring


Let and be the Diameters of the (n+k)th and nth dark rings
respectively with air film.
Determination of Refractive Index of a liquid
Let and be the Diameters of the (n+k)th and nth dark rings respectively with air film.

Let and be the Diameters of the (n+k)th and nth


dark rings respectively with liquid between the
plano-convex lens and the plane glass plate. If is
the refractive index of the liquid,
Formulas used for Solving Newton’s Ring Problem

Determination of wavelength,

Radius of nth Dark ring with air film,

Radius of nth Dark ring with liquid film,

Refractive index,

Refractive index,
Varying colors are seen since t and r vary with time
Anti-reflection Coating or Nonreflecting coating

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