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IT Lecture 1

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21 views

IT Lecture 1

Uploaded by

umar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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History of

Computer
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
BS PSYCHOLOGY
MUHAMMAD UMAR NASIR
LECTURER, FCS, RIPHAH LAHORE
What is a Computer?

 Computer is a machine which can perform many tasks.


 It was originally invented to do speedy and accurate calculations, it
can be used for other purposes too.
 It can perform any kind of work involving arithmetic and logical
operations on data, process it as per the instruction or input given and
give the information as output.
Abacus

 The Abacus was an early aid for mathematical computations.


 The abacus is often wrongly attributed to China.
 The oldest surviving abacus was used in 300 B.C. by the Babylonians.
 A skilled abacus operator can work on addition and subtraction problems
at the speed of a person equipped with a hand calculator.
 The abacus is still in use today, principally in the far east.
Schickard's Calculating Clock

 The first gear-driven calculating machine to actually be built was


probably the calculating clock, so named by its inventor, the German
professor Wilhelm Schickard in 1623.
 This device got little publicity because Schickard died soon afterward in
the bubonic plague.
Pascal's Pascaline

 In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at age 19, invented the Pascaline as an aid for his
father who was a tax collector.
 Up until the present age when car dashboards went digital, the odometer
portion of a car's speedometer used the very same mechanism as the
Pascaline to increment the next wheel after each full revolution of the
prior wheel.
 Pascal went on to invent probability theory, the hydraulic press, and
the syringe.
Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner

 Just a few years after Pascal, the German Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
managed to build a four-function (addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division) calculator that he called the stepped
reckoner
 Leibniz was the first to advocate use of the binary number system which
is fundamental to the operation of modern computers.
Punched cards

 In 1801 the Frenchman Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a power loom that
could base its weave upon a pattern automatically read from punched
wooden cards, held together in a long row by rope.
 Descendants of these punched cards have been in use ever since.
Babbage's Difference Engine

 By 1822 the English mathematician Charles Babbage was proposing a


steam driven calculating machine the size of a room, which he called the
Difference Engine.
 This machine would be able to compute tables of numbers, such as
logarithm tables.
Mark 1

 The MARK 1 computer was made in 1944.


 This is a special step in computer history. Because MARK 1 is the first
automatic digital compu ter in the world.
Eniac

 The ENIAC co mp u ter was very large in size.


 Its technology is Vacuum tubes.
 It was the first general purpose computer.
Univac

 The UNIVAC computer was made in 1951.


 This computer was faster and smaller than ENIAC and Mark 1 computer.
Computer Generations

 1st Generation - Vacuum tubes


 2nd Generation - Transistors

 3rd Generation - IC(Integrated Circuits)

 4 th Generation - Micro Processor

 5 th Generation - Artificial Intelligence


First Generation Computers (1940s-
1956)
Generally, the computers built during the World War II era are known as the first
generation computers.
These are considered the first computers,and were extremely different from the
computers we see today.
 They were designed for a specific task.
These primitive computers relied on vacuum tubes and magnetic drums.
 The 1st generation computers were also extremely slow.
First Generation Computer
Second Generation Computers (1956-
1963)
The computers built in the 1950s and 1960s are considered the 2nd
generation computers.
These computers make use of the transistors invented by Bell Telephone
laboratories.
They had many of the same components as the modern- day computer
For instance, 2nd generation computers typically had a printer, some sort of tape or
disk storage, operating systems, stored programs, as well as some sort of memory.
These computers were also generally more reliable and were solid in design.
Second Generation Computers
Third Generation Computers (1964-
1971)
The 3rd Generation Computers were generally much smaller in size than the 2nd
and 1st generation computers.
This is because these newer computers made us of integrated circuits and
semiconductors
3rd generation computers also contained operating systems, which acted as
overseers to the performance of a computer and which allowed computers to run
different programs at once.
Another function of operating systems is to make sure everything is
flowing smoothly inside the computer.
The 3rd generation computers made the transition from transistors to
integrated circuits and from punch cards to electronic computer systems.
Third Generation Computer
Fourth Generation Computers (1971-
Present)
The 4th generation computers are marked by the usage of integrated circuits and
microprocessors.
Computers became smaller and smaller, and their prices became lower and
lower.
Millions of components could be placed onto a single silicon chip.
Computers became more efficient and more reliable, and they could perform
more and more operations.
They began to catch the eye of the general public, and soon more sophisticated
software and equipment were designed.
Networks became commonplace, and the whole world was connected by the
Internet and by the World Wide Web.
Fourth Generation Computer
Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)

 Fifth generations computers are only in the minds of advance research


scientists and being tested out in the laboratories.
 These computers will be under Artificial Intelligence(AI)
 Many of the operations which requires low human intelligence will be
performed by these computers.
 Parallel Processing is coming and showing the possibility that the power of
many CPU's can be used side by side,
 Computers will be more powerful than those under central processing.
 Advances in Super Conductor technology will greatly improve the
speed of information traffic.
Fifth Generation Computer
CAPABILITIES

1. It is self directing. The user merely feeds all the instructions to the computer at
the start and later proceeds without any need for human intervention.
2. Ability to store and retrieve information. The computer has the ability to
remember or recall data when finds the need for them.
3. Ability to perform mathematical operations and solve complex formula at high
speed and with great precision. A very fast computer can perform the addition
of 20 million pairs of ten-digit numbers in one second.
4. Ability to perform logic operation. The computer is capable of comparing
numbers, letters of alphabet and special characters. Based on the results of
comparison, the computer can direct to take alternative actions.
LIMITATIONS

1. It can do only what is designed or programmed to do. If you ask the computer
to get the total payroll for a certain period, it will give you only the total payroll
and not the net salary or gross salary of each employee.
2. It cannot correct input data. If you mistakenly entered an hour rate of P50 per
hour, the computer cannot respond to the actual rate of P40 per hour.
3. It cannot think and cannot derive meanings from objects. The computer cannot
interpret your favorite poem or your present mood.
4. It can only process jobs expressed in a number of steps leading to a precisely
defined goal.
5. It cannot completely avoid making errors due to power fluctuations, system
malfunctions and human disorders.

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