Ch-5

Heat
 Content
Heat as energy

Heat and temperature

Effects of heat
 Physical changes
 Chemical changes

Measurement of temperature
 The thermometer
 Reading a thermometer
 Clinical thermometer.
 Introduction

 Heat is a form of energy which transfer from a

body of higher temperature to a body of lower
temperature. Hot

 Temperature is a degree of hotness or coldness of Cold

a body. It is an indicator of heat.
 Heat as energy
 A tumbler of cold coffee left on a table
on a hot summer day, soon warms up.
 A hot cup of tea kept on the same table This transfer continues till the body and its
cools down after a while. surrounding attain the same temperature.
In the case of a tumbler of cold coffee heat flows
from the surrounding to the tumbler; in case of a
hot cup of tea it flows from the cup to the
surrounding.
We can say that -
 Heat is a form of energy (heat energy/thermal
energy), that is transferred from one body to
another, due to the existence of a temperature
difference between them.
 Transfer of heat energy/thermal energy always
takes place from the body at a higher
temperature to that at a lower temperature.
 Activity
Aim- To show that we can get other forms of energy
from heat.

Procedure-
a. Take a vessel half filled with water.
b. Cover it with the light aluminium lid and heat it over
a flame.

Observation- we will see that the water starts boiling

after a while. The lid then rises up and falls down again
and again.

Conclusion- The steam formed by the heated water

rises the lid. It, therefore does mechanical work.

Result- This shows that heat is a form of energy and it

can be used to do mechanical work.
 Heat and
temperature
Heat is the energy of a body that is due to the motion of its constituent particles ( molecules).
Even a cold object possesses heat energy due to the motion of particles.
What happens when-
We add heat to a body- when heat is added to a body the motion of the particles of the body
become fast and the temperature increases.
when heat is removed the motion of particles become slow and the temperature of the body
becomes low (reduces or decreases)

Normal temperature Hot Hottest

 Effects of heat

Effects of
heat

Physical Chemical
Changes changes

Formation of
Change in Change in Thermal
new
temperature state expansion
substance
 Effects of heat
Physical Changes

1.Change in temperature

Addition of heat- Temperature increases

Removal of heat- Temperature decreases

2. Change in state
HEAT HEAT
Addition or removal of heat to,
or from, a body, can also bring COOL COOL
about a change in its state. SOLID(ICE) LIQUID(WATER) GAS(WATER VAPOUR)
 Gap between railway track
Effects of heat

3. Thermal expansion
Most solids liquids and gases
expand on heating. This is known
as thermal expansion.

The metal rim to be put on a

cartwheel is designed to have a
slightly smaller diameter than that
of the wheel. When the rim is
heated, it becomes red hot,
expands and slips on to the wheel
easily. When it is cooled it
contracts and grips the wheel
firmly.
 Effects of heat
Chemical Changes

Formation of new
substance
When the reactants are
heated up many chemical
changes take place.

For example-

Oxygen is prepared by heating

potassium chlorate along with
manganese oxide over a flame
 Measurement of
temperature

We often feel that we get an estimate of the temperature of a body by just touching it.
However, though our senses do give us an idea of temperature, they are often unbelievable
and misleading.

For example-
If we remove an ice tray and a packet
of frozen vegetable, from the freezer
compartment, the ice tray appear
colder to our hand even though both
are at the same temperature.

We need a more reliable method to know the relative hotness or coldness of a given body .
So we use special instruments or devices for this purpose known as Thermometers.
 The Thermometer
A device used to measure the temperature.

Scales for measuring the temperature

The simplest thermometer, with  Celsius scale
which we all are familiar, is the  Fahrenheit scale
mercury in glass thermometer.
It is based on the thermal
expansion of Mercury .
 Difference between clinical and laboratory
thermometer
Clinical thermometer Laboratory thermometer

1. It has a kink/ bend/ constriction. It has no kink/bend/ constriction.

2. Its range is from 35 degree Celsius Its range is-10 degree Celsius 110
to 42 degree Celsius. degree Celsius.
 Mercury in glass thermometer
Working of a Thermometer

Thermometer works on the principle of thermal expansion.

The Mercury present in the bulb of the thermometer expands on heating . The extent of its
expansion, and therefore the length of Mercury thread in the capillary tube depends on the
extent of the heating of the thermometer. this in turn depends upon the temperature of the
object with which the thermometer has been put in contact. the length of Mercury thread ( in
the thermometer) can thus give us a measure of temperature of the object.

Construction of Mercury glass thermometer

It consists of a narrow capillary tube of glass that is closed at its upper end and has a bulb at its
lower end. The bulb is filled with Mercury. Inside the capillary tube we can see a small shining
thread of Mercury. The Mercury present in the bulb of the thermometer expands when heated.
 Reading a
Thermometer
Define range of a thermometer.

The difference in the temperature of two fixed

reference points is called range.
or
The difference between the highest range of
thermometer and lowest range of thermometer. Q. find the range of the thermometer in degree
Celsius of the given thermometer.
Ans. Highest reading=43 degree Celsius
Lowest reading= 35 degree Celsius
Find the range of your scale Range = highest reading - lowest reading.
a. in centimetres. Range = 43 degree Celsius- 35 degree Celsius
b. in inches Range = 8 degree Celsius.
The range of the thermometer is 8 degrees from 35
degree Celsius to 43 degree Celsius.
 Comparison of Fahrenheit
(°F ) and Celsius (°C)
Object Celsius (°C) Fahrenheit (°F )

Normal room temperature 23 °C 72 °F

Normal human body 36.9°C 98.4 °F
temperature
Water boils at 100 °C 212 °F
Water freezes at 0 °C 32 °F
Normal human body
temperature

Room Temperature Boiling water

 Clinical / Doctor’s, Thermometer
Least count - The minimum reading that an instrument can
measure.
Least count = Difference between two marked readings
No. Of the divisions between them

Activity 3.1
Ques. Find the least count of thermometer in Fahrenheit scale 1. Find the least count of
your scale
Ans. least count = Difference between two marked readings a. in centimetres.
No. Of the divisions between them b. in inches
Least count= 98 - 96 Activity 3.2
10 2.Find the least count of
Least count= 2 thermometer in Celsius scale.
10
Least count= 0.2 (°F )
 CONVERSION
T(°F) =( T(°C) × 9/5) + 32 T(°C) = (T(°F) - 32) × 5/9

Example Example
Convert 20 degrees Celsius to dégrées Convert 68 degrees Fahrenheit to degrees
Fahrenheit: Celsius:
T(°F) = 20°C × 9/5 + 32 = 68 °F T(°C) = (68°F - 32) × 5/9 = 20 °C

(1 degree Celsius =
274.15 kelvin)
 Frequently asked question

Q. Why do we have a kink in a clinical thermometer?

A. The kink ensures that Mercury thread does not fall back by itself,
after the thermometer has been used to measure the temperature of a
person.

Q. Why is clinical thermometer calibrated from 35 °C to 43 °C?

A. A clinical thermometer is calibrated from 35 °C to 43 °C only because
this is the range over which temperature of a normal body varies.
 Heat is the form of energy that is transferred
between two substances at different
Transfer of temperatures. The direction of energy flow is
heat from the substance of higher temperature to
the substance of lower temperature.
Transfer of heatA cup of hot tea left on a table

A Metal chair left In the sun

Metal Rod put in a flame

Simple situations indicate such a heat transfer

Different methods of transfer of heat in
nature

Heat is transferred from

hot to cold body by three
different methods namely
• Conduction
• Convection
• radiation
Conduction

It mainly occurs in solids.

Heat transfer from one particle or molecule of the object to

the next and so on without the particle leaving their places.

The particle just vibrate about their mean position and keep
on passing heat energy to their next inline neighbours.

Conduction cannot take place in vacuums because there

are no particle of any kind

The two They should

2 condition
bodies be at
for
should be in different
Conduction
contact temperature.
Activity to observe the method of heat transfer by conduction
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 Good vs Bad
Conductors of heat Conductor Insulator

Conductors: Insulators:
• The objects that can allow • The objects that do not
the heat to flow through allow the flow of heat
them easily are through them easily are
called Conductors. For called Insulators or bad
example, metals such as conductors of heat.
copper and aluminum. • For Example, Air, Water,
Wood, cotton, cork,
thermocole and plastic.
Most liquids and gases are
poor conductors of heat.
Some materials like wool,
fur, feather are insulators as Brainstorm :- When we put one end of the
they trap air between their metal road in a flame its other end becomes
fibers. too hot to touch whereas with a wooden rod
the end held doesn’t become hot even after a
long time
Uses of Good and Bad conductors in our daily life
a b c

Metals are used for making cooking Wooden or plastic handles are used We wear woollen clothes in winters
utensils, kettle’s, boilers etc. for holding cooking utensils or or blankets, quilts help us to stay
• Metals being good conductor quickly transfer kettle’s warm in winters.
heat of the flames to the food items kept • Wood or plastic being insulator don’t let the • Wool is a bad conductor of heat. Moreover,
inside. The food items get heated up and heat to get transferred to our hands. air gets trapped in between the wool fibers.
cooked. Air is also a poor conductor of heat. Thus
both air and wool prevents the flow of heat
from our body to the cold surroundings.
d e

Bricks and muds are used for making Ice boxes are made as double walled
houses containers
• Thee materials are bad conductor of heat • The layer of the air trapped between the two
which help to shield from the heat of the sun walls doesn’t easily let the outside heat reach
during summers and don’t let the outside the ice kept inside the box. Therefore the ice
heat to reach inside the house. doesn’t melt quickly.
Brain-teasers

a
A new quilt is warmer than a old one

b
Room with tin roofs become very
hot during summers
c
A brass tumbler feels much cooler
than a wooden tray on a chilly day
Convection
• It is the process of transfer of heat through a liquid/gas
from places of higher temperature to places of lower
temperature by the actual movement of molecules of
liquid/gas.
• The molecules of the liquid/gases that are near the
source of the heat get heated first.
• They become lighter due to the heat and move
upwards.
• The colder particles being heavier take the place and is
heated in turn and this process continues and gives
rise to convection currents through which heat energy
flows and the entire liquid or gas gets heated.
• It cannot take place in solids as molecules are fixed at a
place.
• It also cannot take place in vacuum because there are
no particles of any kind in empty space which can move
and transfer heat.
Activity -2 - Activity to observe the method of heat transfer by
convection

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZdz9UDNhDA
Explanation of the activity -2
Let us understand this cyclic movement of the
coloured streaks in water.
• The water at bottom of the flask gets heated up
first
• It becomes lighter and water molecules are free
to move. These heated up lighter molecules
colored by contact with potassium
permanganate crystals move up
• Colder and heavier molecules at the top then
moved down to take the place vacated by these
molecules
• It is these movements that we see in the form
of colored streaks going up and down
• Because of these movements, the whole water
soon gets heated up
Practical Application of convection
currents in our daily life
• Use of windows and ventilators in room
• Use of chimney in factories
• Radiators in car
• Exhaust fans in kitchens are always fitted high, close to the
ceiling so that they can remove the hot air that rises up.
• Room heaters are placed on the floor of a room. When the
cool air is heated, it rises up and the cold air flows down to
the floor. The cold air is again heated by the heater setting
up convection current . This results in effective heating of
the entire room.
• Air Conditioners are generally fitted at a higher level in the
room. An Air Conditioner cools the air near the ceiling. The
cold air being heavier goes down while cooling the room.
The warm air from below rises up setting up convection
current in the air. Thus the rooms cool down faster.

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 Practical Application of convection
currents in our daily life

Convection currents leading to winds

Global wind patterns
and storms
• When air at a place gets heated up • Due to uneven heating of earth
it expands and occupy more space. which result in global wind patterns
• It therefore become lighter and • The places near the equator have
moves up maximum heat energy of the sun.
• The air pressure at that place gets • The air at these places get heated
lowered up and rises leaving low pressure
• So air from surrounding places area behind it
rushes in to take the vacated place • The cooler air mainly from places
• This setup convection currents in between 0 to 30 degree latitude
air leading to winds and storms. and the equator ,then moves in
towards the equator
• The greater the difference in
pressure the faster the air moves in.
• At the poles the air is colder than at
the latitudes of say, about 60
degrees. Hence, the wind currents
here are setup from the poles
towards warmer latitudes.
 Sea Breeze
The cooler air blowing from the sea towards
the land during daytime is called Sea Breeze.
• During the daytime, the land in the coastal
area gets heated due to the sun's radiation.
• The sea also gets heated, however it takes
more time to get heated up than the land.
• Hence the air above the land gets heated
faster than the air above the sea.
• The hot air from the land rises above as it is
lighter and the cool air from the sea being
heavier takes its place. This sets up
convection currents resulting in sea breeze.

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 Land Breeze
The cool air blowing from the land towards
the sea during night time is called the land
breeze.
• During the night time, the land in the
coastal areas gets cool down faster than the
sea.
• The air above the sea is hotter than the air
above the land.
• Therefore the air above the sea rises and
the air from the land being cool flows
towards the sea. This sets up convection
currents resulting in the land breeze.
Brain-teasers

a
Why we have an equitable climate
on places near the sea?
b
What causes cyclones?
c
What are monsoon winds?
 Radiation

How does the heat of the sun or the fire

place reach us ?
• Heat of the sun doesn’t reach us either
by conduction or by convection because
there is mostly empty space or vacuum
between sun and earth as they both
require material medium for transfer of
heat so there is some other methods of
heat transfer which is called as
Radiation in which no material medium
is required.
Radiation

- Heat energy received by an object

through radiation is called radiant
energy
- When radiant energy falls on any
matter a part of it reflected and part
of it is observed by the matter
- It is the observed part of the radiant
energy that heats up the object
- All hot object give out or radiate
heat energy
 Activity on Radiation
Activity to verify the fact that black objects are good absorbers of radiant energy and highly
polished or white objects absorb very little
Absorption and emission
properties of black and
polished surfaces
Practical uses of Absorption and emission
properties of black and polished surfaces
• The bottom of cooking utensils is often kept
black because this enable the utensils to better
absorb the heat of the flame
• We prefer light or white color clothes in summer
because they absorb less heat from the
surroundings
• Tea or coffee pots are made shining bright
because they radiate out less heat and tea or
coffee kept in them stays hot for longer time
• Fire brigade men use shinning brass caps
because they absorb very little heat and help
them while they are putting off fire
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DD828CfMbnc
Absorption and emission
properties of black and
polished surfaces
Practical uses of Absorption and emission properties
of black and polished surfaces

• Houses have light colors on their outer walls which

absorb and radiate less heat which keep the houses
cool in summer and warm in winters
• Many building have coated shining glass as their
outer walls because these absorb and radiate very
little heat which helps to improve the efficiency of
air conditioning system
• The thermos is used to carry hot or cold drinks as it
uses the property of shining or polished surfaces of
absorbing and radiating very little heat. It also
makes use of bad conductivity of air or vacuum
through its double walled structure.
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