Lect4a - Surface Irrigation-Apr 2
Lect4a - Surface Irrigation-Apr 2
WATER APPLICATION
TECHNIQUES
C.M. Pascual
Professor, SCECT
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Lecture 4 Outline
4.1. Land Grading, Survey and Design
4.2. Border
4.3. Furrow
4.4. Check-Basin
4.5. Surface Irrigation System Design
4.6. SIRMOD III Exercise
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Land Grading, Survey and Design
4.1 Land preparation and field layout
Land grading is reshaping of the field surface to a planned grade.
Land levelling operations may be grouped into three phases:
a) Rough grading
b) Land levelling
c) Land smoothing
Criteria for land levelling
• Land levelling is influenced by
a) the characteristics of the soil profile,
b) prevailing land slope,
c) rainfall characteristics,
d) cropping pattern,
e) methods of irrigation,
• Determining the centroid of
the filed: The distance of the
centriod from the reference
line is then obtained by
dividing the sum of the
products by the total number
of stakes
• Determining the average
elevation of the field: This is
obtained by adding the
elevations of all grid points in
the field and dividing the sum
by the number of points.
• Compute the slope of the
plane of best fit
The slope of any line in the x or
y direction on the plane which
fits the natural ground surface,
can be determined by the least
squares method
Fig. 1. Grid map for land leveling
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Fig. 2. Location of centroid of a field.
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Plane Method
• This method assumes that the area is to be graded to a true
plane.
• The average elevation of the field is determined, and this
elevation is assigned to the centroid of the area.
• The centroid is located by taking moments about two
perpendicular references lines as shown in Fig. 2 for an
irregularly shaped field.
• This procedure has been simplified by locating the grid system
so that each grid is at the center of the grid square and
represents nearly equal areas (100 by 100 ft).
• In Fig 2., the centroid is located at Xc = 3.75 ft and Yc=2.84 ft,
and the average elevation is 8.3 ft.
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Plane Method
• Any plane passing through the centroid will produce
equal volumes of cut and fill. The general equation for a
plane surface is,
E = a + Sx * X + Sy*Y (4.1)
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Plane Method
• These slopes can be computed from two simultaneous equations,
which are;
(∑X2 – nXc2) Sx + [∑(XY) – nXcYc]Sy= ∑(XE)
– nXcEc (4.2)
(∑Y2 – nYc2) Sx + [∑(XY) – nXcYc]Sx= ∑(YE)
– nYcEc (4.3)
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Plane Method
• For rectangular fields the terms involving XY
become zero, and
Sx = [∑(XE) – nXcEc ] / [∑X2 – nXc2] (4.4)
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Sample problem
Determine the equation for the plane of best fit for
the field as shown in Fig. 2. All elevations are in
feet.
Solution;
As shown in Fig. 2, n=32, Xc = 3.75 ft and
Yc = 2.84 ft
Ec = (9.4 + 9.2 + 8.7 + … + 7.8 + 7.4)/32 = 9.37
∑X2 = 12 + 12 + 12 + 12 + 12 + 22 +. . . + 62 + 72 + 72 + 72 =
566
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Sample problem
nXc = 32 * 3.752 = 450 ft
∑XY = (1 x 1) + (1 x 2) + (1 x 3) +. . . + (7 x 1) + (7 x
2) + (7 x 3) = 327 ft
nXcYc = 32 x 3.75 x 2.84 = 340.8 ft
∑(XE) = (1 9.2) + (1 x 9.2) + (1 x 8.7) + . . . +
(7 x 7.8) + (7 x 7.4) = 975.80 ft
nXcEc = 32 x 3.75 x 8.37 = 1004.40 ft
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Sample problem
Solving for slopes, using eq. 4.2 and 4.3
(566- 450) Sx + (327 – 340.8)Sy = 975.80 – 1003.87
(327 – 340.8) Sx + (319 – 258.1)Sy = 749.40 – 760.27
These 2 simultaneous equations results in
Sx = - 0.27 ft/100 ft
Sy = - 0.24 ft/100 ft
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Sample problem
Since the plane of best fit must pass through the
centroid, substituting the above values in
equaition 4.1 gives the elevation of the origin
as 10.07 ft. Thus, the plane of best fit is,
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Fig. 3. determination of plane for best fit.
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IRRIGATION METHODS AND DESIGNS
c) Drip or Trickle Irrigation: Applying water slowly to the soil ideally at the
same rate with crop consumption.
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Flow
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The basic phases of a surface irrigation event.
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Flow
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Inlet arrangements
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Inlet arrangements
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Inlet arrangements
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Fundamentals of irrigation
Surface irrigation: The quarter time rule
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Basin irrigation
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4.2.1 Furrow Irrigation
• In furrow irrigation, only a part of the land
surface (the furrow) is wetted thus minimizing
evaporation loss.
• Furrow irrigation is adapted for row crops like
corn, banana, tobacco, and cabbage. It is also
good for grains.
• Irrigation can be by corrugation using small
irrigation streams.
• Furrow irrigation is adapted for irrigating on
various slopes except on steep ones because of
erosion and bank overflow.
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Furrow Irrigation… Cont’d.
• There are different ways of applying water to the furrow.
• As shown in Fig. 4.1, siphons are used to divert water from the
head ditch to the furrows.
• There can also be direct gravity flow whereby water is delivered
from the head ditch to the furrows by cutting the ridge or levee
separating the head ditch and the furrows (see diagram from
Gumb's book).
• Gated pipes can also be used. Large portable pipe(up to 450
mm) with gate openings spaced to deliver water to the furrows
are used.
• Water is pumped from the water source in closed conduits.
• The openings of the gated pipe can be regulated to control the
discharge rate into the furrows.
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Fig. 4.1: A Furrow System
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Furrow Irrigation by Cutting the Ridge
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Furrow Irrigation with Siphons
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Furrow irrigation using siphon tubes from a field bay.
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Furrow irrigation
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Furrow irrigation
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Furrow irrigation
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Furrow irrigation
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Furrow irrigation
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Furrow irrigation: Infiltration
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Furrow irrigation: Scaling
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Furrow irrigation: Scaling
0.2 2.5 370 470 220 370 470 120 190 250
0.3 2.0 400 500 280 400 500 150 220 280
0.5 1.2 400 500 280 370 470 120 190 250
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4.2.1.1 Design Parameters of Furrow Irrigation
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Design Parameters of Furrow Irrigation…
Cont’d.
• b) Selection of the Advance or Initial Furrow Stream:
In permeable soils, the maximum non-erosive flow
within the furrow capacity can be used so as to enable
wetting of the end of the furrow to begin as soon as
possible.
• The maximum non-erosive flow (Qm) is given by:
Qm = c/S
where c is a constant = 0.6 when Qm is in l/s and S is
slope in %.
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Table 4.1 : Maximum Slopes for Various Soil Types
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Design Parameters of Furrow Irrigation…
Cont’d.
• e) Furrow Length: Very long lengths
lead to a lot of deep percolation involving
over-irrigation at the upper end of the
furrow and under-irrigation at the lower
end.
• Typical values are given in Table 4.2, but
actual furrow lengths should be got from
field tests.
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Table 4.2. Typical furrow lengths for
various soil types and slopes
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Design Parameters of Furrow Irrigation…
Cont’d.
• e) Field Widths: Widths are flexible but
should not be of a size to enclose variable
soil types.
• The widths should depend on land grading
permissible.
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4.2.1.2 Evaluation of a Furrow Irrigation System
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Evaluation of a Furrow Irrigation System …Cont’d.
• g) Record the time when flow starts and passes each marker in each
flow(advance data).
• h) Record the flow at each flume periodically until the flows become practically
constant. This may take several hours on fine textured soils(Infiltration data).
• i) Check for evidence of erosion or overtopping.
• j) Move the flumes and measure the streams at the heads only of the other
furrows.
•
• Results: To be presented in a format shown:
• ............................................................................................................
• Watch Opportunity time(mins)
• Station A Station B Losses
• Time A B C Depth Flow Depth Flow Diff Infil.
• (mm) ( L/s) (mm) (L/s) (L/s) (mm/h)
• ..............................................................................................................
•
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4.2.2. Border Irrigation System
• In a border irrigation, controlled surface flooding is
practiced whereby the field is divided up into strips by
parallel ridges or dykes and each strip is irrigated
separately by introducing water upstream and it
progressively covers the entire strip.
• Border irrigation is suited for crops that can withstand
flooding for a short time e.g. wheat.
• It can be used for all crops provided that the system is
designated to provide the needed water control for
irrigation of crops.
• It is suited to soils between extremely high and very low
infiltration rates.
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Border irrigation
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Border irrigation
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Border irrigation
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Border irrigation: Scaling
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Border irrigation: Scaling
Soil type Irrigation Slope Width Length Unit
depth (%) (m) (m) stream
(mm) (l/s/m)
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Border irrigation: Problems
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Border irrigation: Problems
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Border Irrigation System
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Border Irrigation
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Border Irrigation… Cont’d.
• In border irrigation, water is applied slowly.
• The root zone is applied water gradually down
the field.
• At a time, the application flow is cut-off to reduce
water loses.
• Ideally, there is no runoff and deep percolation.
• The problem is that the time to cut off the inflow
is difficult to determine.
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4.2.2.2 Design Parameters of Border Irrigation System
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Design Parameters of Border Irrigation
System… Cont’d.
• b) Strip Slope: Longitudinal slopes should be almost same as for
the furrow irrigation.
• c) Construction of Levees: Levees should be big enough to
withstand erosion, and of sufficient height to contain the irrigation
stream.
• d) Selection of the Advance Stream: The maximum advance
stream used should be non-erosive and therefore depends on the
protection afforded by the crop cover. Clay soils are less
susceptible to erosion but suffer surface panning at high water
velocities. Table 4.4 gives the maximum flows recommendable for
bare soils.
• e) The Length of the Strip: Typical lengths and widths for various
flows are given in Table 4.5. The ideal lengths can be obtained by
field tests.
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Table 4.4 Maximum flows recommendable for bare
soils.
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Table 4.5. Typical lengths and widths for various flows.
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4.2.2.3 Evaluation of a Border Strip
• The aim is to vary various parameters with the aim of
obtaining a good irrigation profile.
• Steps
• a) Measure the infiltration rate of soils and get the
cumulative infiltration curve. Measurement can be by
double ring infiltrometer.
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Time, T (mins)
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Fig 3.5: Cumulative Infiltration Curve
Evaluation of Border Strip.. Cont’d.
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Time Distance Diagram of the Border
System
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Evaluation of the Border System …Cont’d.
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Depth- Distance Diagram of the Border
System
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Evaluation of the Border System.. Cont’d.
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4.2.3 Basin Irrigation System
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Typical basin irrigation system.
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Basin irrigation
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Basin irrigation: Scaling
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Fundamentals of irrigation
Surface irrigation: Basin irrigation: Scaling
Stream size (l/s) Sand Sandy Clay loam Clay
loam
15 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.10
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Irrigation techniques
Surface irrigation: Basin irrigation: Terracing
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Basin Irrigation Diagram
rrigation time.
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4.2.3.2 Size of Basins
• The size of basin is related to stream size and soil type(See Table 3.6
below).
• Table 3.6: Suggested basin areas for different soil types and rates of water flow
• Flow rate Soil Type
• Sand Sandy loam Clay loam Clay
• l/s m /hr 3
.................Hectares............. ...................
• 30 108 0.02 0.06 0.12 0.20
• 60 216 0.04 0.12 0.24 0.40
• 90 324 0.06 0.18 0.36 0.60
• 120 432 0.08 0.24 0.48 0.80
• 150 540 0.10 0.30 0.60 1.00
• 180 648 0.12 0.36 0.72 1.20
• 210 756 0.14 0.42 0.84 1.40
• 240 864 0.16 0.48 0.96 1.60
• 300 1080 0.20 0.60 1.20 2.00
• ...........................................................................................
• Note: The size of basin for clays is 10 times that of sand as the infiltration rate for clay is low leading to higher
irrigation time. The size of basin also increases as the flow rate increases. The table is only a guide and practical
values from an area should be relied upon. There is the need for field evaluation.
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4.2.3.3 Evaluation of Basin System
I = c Tn
Infiltered
Depth (mm)
Time (mins)
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Evaluation of a Basin System… Cont’d.
• c) Get the advance curves using sticks to monitor rate of
water movement. Plot a time versus distance graph
(advance curve). Also plot recession curve or assume it
to be straight
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Time-Distance Graph of the Basin System
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Depth-Distance Graphs of the Basin Irrigation System
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Typical border and basin field outlets.
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Evaluation of Basin Irrigation Concluded.
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Lecture 4.5
Surface Irrigation System Design
• Surface irrigation has evolved into an
extensive array of configurations which can be
broadly classified as:
1. Basin irrigation;
2. Border irrigation;
3. Furrow irrigation; and
4. Uncontrolled flooding.
• The time and space references shown in Figure 1 are
relatively standard.
• Time is cumulative since the beginning of the irrigation,
distance is referenced to the point water enters the
field.
• The advance and recession curves are therefore
trajectories of the leading and receding edges of the
surface flows and the period defined between the two
curves at any distance is the time water is on the surface
and therefore also the time water is infiltrating into the
soil.
Fig. 1. Time-space trajectory of water during a surface irrigation.
Requirements of Optimal Performance
Step 6: Compare the initial estimate, r1, with the revised estimate, r2.
The differences between the two should be less than 0.0001. If they
are equal, the procedure for finding tL is concluded. If not, let r1 = r2
and repeat steps 2-6.
1) Numerical Approach..cont’n
Newton-Raphson procedure is used for calculating tL , as follows:
• Step a: Assume an initial estimate of tL as T1
First irrigation:
Second irrigation:
Q0 = 0.036m³/min/m is selected
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Solution
• Step 4. For an inflow of 0.036 m3/min/m, the advance time along
the 200 m length under later conditions is about 301.8 min
• Step 5. Compute the inflow depth at inlet (m) using the Manning’s
equation as follows:
Step 7. Compute the depletion time in min using the Newton Raphson
method as follows:
a) Assume an initial estimate of td as td = tr = 980.8 min
b) Compute the average infiltration
c) Compute
e) The initial guess ( ) is not close to the new computed value () and
repeat step b through e.
Applic
Advan Rece Field ation
Border Unit flow, ce Cutoff
ssion on
Sets width, time, efficie
m³/min time, time, time, ncy,
m hr
hr hr hr
%
2 50 0.036 6.36 11.34 12.83 22.67 65.3
3 33 0.545 3.11 8.10 9.59 24.29 60.4
4 25 0.072 2.14 7.12 8.61 28.49 52
5 20 0.09 1.64 6.63 8.12 33.16 44.7
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Solution
Later irrigation, L= 200m
Applica
Recessi
Border Unit Advanc Cutoff on
Field on tion
Sets width, flow,m³ e time, time, time, time, efficien
m /min hr hr hr cy,
hr
%
Applica
Recessi Field
Border Unit Advanc Cutoff on on
tion
Sets width, flow, e time, time, time, time, efficien
m m³/min hr hr cy,
hr hr
%
2 100 0.018 5.27 11.21 11.74 22.42 66.1
3 67 0.0269 2.35 8.30 8.83 24.89 59.8
4 50 0.036 1.44 7.39 7.92 29.55 50.1
5 40 0.045 1.03 6.98 7.51 34.91 40.4
Applica
Recessi Field
Border Unit Advanc Cutoff on on
tion
Sets width, flow, e time, time time, time, efficien
m m³/min hr ,hr cy,
hr hr
%
1 200 0.009 12.89 23.07 24.20 23.07 64.2
2 100 0.018 3.45 13.61 14.76 27.23 54.5