MIRRORS
PRePARed BY: MARINEL N. AMERICA
Task 1
Write the word
“AMBULANCE” in a
sheet of paper in the
same manner as it is
written in the
ambulance car.
Bring the sheet in front of the mirror and read the
word “AMBULANCE” .
Why is it written that
way?
Task 2
Objectives
Determine the height, width, and
the distance from the mirror of the
image formed by plane mirrors.
• Compare the actual height, width
and the distance from the mirror of
the object with that of the image
formed by plane mirrors.
Materials:
• 1 (10 cm x 15 cm) plane
mirror
• 1 graphing paper
• 10 one–peso coins
• modeling clay
• pen
Procedure:
1. Let the mirror stand vertically along a
line on a graphing paper as shown in
Figure 1.
Use the modeling clay to support the plane
mirror
mirror.
Modeling clay
Figure 1. A Plane Mirror on a Graphing
2. Using a pen, make three (3) different
marks along the intersections on the
graphing paper in front of a mirror.
3. Measure the distance of each mark from
the mirror by counting the number of
parallel lines between the mark and the
base of the plane mirror. Record your data
in a table similar to Table 1 below.
4. Look at the images of the marks formed
by the mirror. Measure the distance of each
image from the mirror by counting the
number of parallel lines between the image
and the base of the mirror. Record this also
in Table 1.
Table 1. Distance of the Object and Image from the Mirror
Number of Parallel Lines
Between the Between the
Mark Mark Image
and the Mirror and the Mirror
Mark 1
Mark 2
Mark 3
Q1. Refer to Table 1, compare the
distance (number of parallel lines)
from the mirror of the object with
that of the image.
5. Stack 10 pieces of one-peso coin in front
of the plane mirror as in Figure 2. Using a
ruler, measure the height and width of the
stack of coins. Measure also the height and
width of the image as seen on the mirror.
Enter your measurements in a table similar
to Table 2.
Figure 2.
Stack of Coins In
front of the Plane
Mirror.
Table 2. Height and Width of Object and Image
Description Object Image
Height (cm)
Width (cm)
Q2. How do the height and width of the
object compare with the height and width of
the image?
LIGHT
• A form of energy that can be
converted into other forms.
Light to Chemical
in photosynthesis which occurs in leaves
Photographic film records images
NATURE OF LIGHT
Is it a wave
or a
particle?
ISAAC NEWTON
advocated the the particle theory
“Light consists of tiny particles of
matter emitted by a source and
spreads outward in straight lines
called rays.
CHRISTIAN HUYGENS
Dutch Mathematician and scientist,
He theorized that light
consists of a series of waves
with their wave fronts at right
angles to the path of the rays.
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
• It weakened the wave theory of light.
• According to the Huygens’ theory “ an
increase in light intensity should result in
the increase in the velocity of the
photoelectrons but it did not happen.
Because an increase in intensity increased
the number of electrons emitted, but
velocities were the same as those emitted
at lower light intensity.”
THE QUANTUM THEORY
• Max Planck ( German Physicists)
Presented the theory that electrons absorbed
energy only in discrete quantities proportional to
their frequencies.
Albert Einstein adopted Planck’s concept and
formulated the quantum theory which helped Niels
Bohr build a workable and acceptable model of the
atomic structure.
DUAL NATURE OF LIGHT
Bohr’s concept of discrete energy levels provided
the French Physicist Louis de Broglie with the
theory of the dual nature of light.
Light had both particles and wavelike properties.
What is reflection?
What is reflection?
REFLECTION
thebouncing back of
light as it hit a medium.
How are images formed
in the mirror?
REFLECTION
REGULAR/ SPECULAR IRREGULAR/ DIFFUSE
Ray Model of Light
* Light rays
illustrate the travel
of light in a straight
line
* arrows show the
source of the light
and the direction of
light travel
Ray Diagram Terminology
Incident ray – incoming ray that strikes a surface
Reflected ray – ray that bounces off a reflective
surface
Normal – perpendicular line to a mirror surface
Ray Diagram Terminology
Angle of incidence –
angle between the
incident ray and the
normal
Angle of reflection –
angle between the
reflected ray and the
normal
How are images formed in the
mirror?
Locating an image in a plane
mirror
Using light rays to
locate image in a
plane mirror:
Step 1
Identify the top and the
bottom of the object (label
these “A” and “B”)
B
Step 2
Draw an incident ray(starting at
point A)
A
Draw a “normal” where the incident
ray hits the mirror
Use a protractor to draw a reflecting
ray
B
(Remember that Ði = Ðr )
Step 2
B
Step 3
Repeat step 2 with a second incident ray
at a
different angle
Draw an incident ray (starting at point A)
Draw a “normal” where the incident ray
hits the mirror
Use a protractor to draw a reflecting ray
(Remember that Ði = Ðr )
Step 3
Step 4
Extend both reflected
rays behind the mirror
until they intersect
(Ai)
Step 4
Ai
Step 5
Repeat steps 2-4 for Point B
Draw the virtual image using
points Ai and Bi as a guide
Step 5
Ai
Bi
Ai
1. Eyes detect reflected
light from a plane
Mirror
2. Brain projects light
rays backwards in a
straight line.
Result:
•brain thinks there is a light
source behind the mirror where
the light rays originate
•see an image behind the
mirror called a virtual image
Plane mirror produces images
that are virtual, upright, same
size as the object, and as far
as the object’s distance in the
mirror. Its only defect is the
lateral reversal of the image.
Which shows the correct location,
orientation, and size for the image?
A) B) C)
D) E)
Use ray diagram to locate the
image in plane mirror
Evaluation
Using object-image lines locate the
image in a plane mirror.
Spherical Mirrors
Spherical Mirror/ Curved Mirror
a mirror with a curved
reflecting surface.
The surface may be either
convex (bulging outward) or
concave (bulging inward).
Most curved mirrors have
surfaces that are shaped like
part of a sphere .
Convex mirror
Convex mirror
(diverging mirror or fish eye
mirror) a curved mirror in which
the reflective surface bulges
toward the light source.
reflect light outwards, therefore
they are not used to focus light.
Concave mirror
Concave mirror
A mirror with a spherical
surface and reflecting from
the interior of the
curvature.
Object between F and C
F C
Object at C
F C
Object between F and the mirror
F C
Object at F
When the object is at the focal
point , the image is infinitely far
to the right and therefore is not
seen.
F C
C F
Images on Concave mirror
Location of Location of Orientation Size Type
Object Image
Beyond C Between C Inverted Smaller/ Real
and F reduced
At C At C Inverted Same size Real
Between C Beyond C Inverted Enlarged Real
and F
At F N O I M G E
A
Between F Behind the Upright/erect Enlarged Virtual
and the mirror
mirror
Images on Convex mirror
Location of Location of Orientation Size Type
Object Image
Between F Behind the Upright/erect Smaller/ Virtual
and the mirror reduced
mirror
QUIZ
1. Where must the object be in a concave
mirror so that an enlarged image may be
formed?
2. What is the size of the image when the
object is between F and C?
3. Where is the image when the object is
placed beyond C of a concave mirror?
4. Where must the object be so that no
image will be observed in a concave
mirror?
5. Where is the object in a concave mirror
6. What type of mirror is a fish eye
mirror?
7. A converging mirror is a convex mirror.
8. All images in convex mirror are virtual.
9. No Image will be observed when object
is at C.
10. Object between f and V forms a real
image.
The Mirror Equation
Expresses the quantitative
relationship between the object
distance (do), the image distance (di),
and the focal length (f). The equation
is stated as follows:
Magnification Equation
The magnification equation relates the
ratio of the image distance and object
distance to the ratio of the image
height (hi) and object height (ho). The
magnification equation is stated as
follows:
Example Problem #1
A 4.00-cm tall light bulb is
placed a distance of 45.7 cm
from a concave mirror having
a focal length of 15.2 cm.
Determine the image distance
and the image size.
Solution
1/f = 1/do + 1/di
1/(15.2 cm) = 1/(45.7 cm) + 1/di
0.0658 cm-1 = 0.0219 cm-1 + 1/di
0.0439 cm-1 = 1/di
di = 22.8 cm
hi/ho = - di/do
hi /(4.0 cm) = - (22.8 cm)/(45.7 cm)
hi = - (4.0 cm) • (22.8 cm)/(45.7 cm)
hi = -1.99 cm
The negative values for image height
indicate that the image is an inverted
image.
The +/- Sign Conventions
The sign conventions for the given quantities in the
mirror equation and magnification equations are as
follows:
• f is + if the mirror is a concave mirror
• f is - if the mirror is a convex mirror
• di is + if the image is a real image and located on
the object's side of the mirror.
• di is - if the image is a virtual image and located
behind the mirror.
• hi is + if the image is an upright image (and
therefore, also virtual)
• hi is - if the image an inverted image (and
therefore, also real)
1. Bobby places a 4.75-cm
tall light bulb a distance of
33.2 cm from a concave
mirror. If the mirror has a
focal length of 28.2 cm,
then what is the image
height and image distance?
Problem #2
A pen placed 11.0 cm from a
concave spherical mirror produces
a real image 13.2 cm from the
mirror. What is the focal length of
the mirror? What is the
magnification of the image?
Problem #3
An upright pencil is placed in front
of a convex spherical mirror with a
focal length of 8.0 cm . An erect image
2.50 cm tall is formed 4.44 cm behind
the mirror. Find the position of the
object , the magnification of the
image, and the height of the pencil.
P=10 cm
M= 0.444
h= 5.63 cm
Problem #4
Assignment
Read about ray diagram for
convex mirror
Read about mirror equation
and magnification
