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Intended Learning Outcomes

oAfter the study of this module the participants will be able
to:
odefine reading skill
oenlist the reading techniques
oapply reading methods and techniques to enhance reading
comprehension
oassess reading skills of students studying at different grades

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Teaching Reading Skill

Learn to Read and Read to Learn

Read by the name of your Lord (Allah)

Read Lead Succeed

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Reading Comprehension
Components
1. Phonemic awareness
2. Phonics
3. Vocabulary
4. Grammatical structure
5. Comprehension

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Reading Comprehension

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Reading Progress
oOn the letters
o On the words
o On the lines
o Between the lines
o Contextual clues

o Outwards based on the lines

◦ Going beyond the author

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Reading at Different Levels
oTo what extent is the reading process similar and different for the
following levels of readers?

oFor the beginner students?

oFor the primary level students?
oFor the secondary level students?
oFor the higher level students?

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Reading for the Beginners How to support a child?
1. Ability to recognize the alphabets 1. Read aloud to your child
2. Say or pronounce written words 2. Engaging books at right level of fluency
3. Process by which we make sense of the 3. Phonics need to be taught systematically
written text 4. Loving encouragement and support
4. Letters that present a sound is called 5. Keep books at home
grapheme 6. Blending and segmenting
5. Diagraph and Trigraph 7. Construct new words by adding, omitting,
6. 44 sounds/phonemes in English language placing alphabets
7. Consonant sounds 8. Similar sounding words
8. Short vowel sounds--- a, e, i, o, u 9. Reading culture at home: Reading corner;
parents’ reading; sharing stories; asking
questions
10.Buddy reading

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Reading at Primary Grades

1. Focus on Pronunciation and Fluency

2. Process by which we make sense of words and simple

sentences

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Reading at Secondary Level
1. Reading enables the reader to read without help unfamiliar
authentic text at appropriate speed silently with adequate
understanding.

2. Average college student read 250 to 350 words per-minute

3. A good reader 500 to 700 hundred words per minute

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Factors Affecting Reading
Comprehension

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Faulty Reading Habits
1. Slow speed
2. Finger movement
3. Head movement
4. Faulty eye movement
5. Vocalisation
6. Fixation of words
7. Greater dependence on visual information
8. Information overloading
9. Lack of reading culture

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Teaching Strategies

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Critical Reading Process
Critical reading is engaging in conversation with the author in an
open-minded way without any prejudices or biases
 Fact-based and rational analysis
Critical thinking is informed decision-making
Reading between the lines
Personal connection

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Surface Reading Deep
Reading
oReading what has been stated by the oReading beyond what has been stated
author by the author
oReading without compare and oReading with compare and contrast
contrast
oReading without critique
oReading with critique
oMemories information for the
oUse information to answer questions
assignments
oWithout reflection on the author’s oCritically analysing author logic
logic

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Reading Beyond the Author
1. Meditate the topic and headings
2. Read, pause and reflect
3. List the main points
4. Organize the main points
5. Compare and contrast
6. Critique

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Context Clues
oSynonyms: My daughter struggled to walk, so I bought crutches or walking
sticks. My son was wasting time, so I arranged tutor, or private teacher.
oAntonyms: Some people are sluggish, others are active and vigilant. My son is
churlish whereas my daughter is quite polite and obedient.
oExplanation: Mean are such type of people who do not think good for others.
They always try do something wrong to others.
oExamples: Her punctuality has enable her to succeed in life. She always strictly
work according to the set calendar.
oPunctuation: Pakistan is facing severe economic crisis (economically difficult
condition)

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Main Idea
oUsually (but not always) presented in the first sentence of
paragraph
oSometimes in the middle or at the end sentence of paragraph
oSometimes not stated directly
oAuthor may repeat the main idea repeatedly
oTry to find the most important point the author trying to make

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Reading Activities
1. Read and list the Verbs
2. Read and list the Adjectives
3. Read and Answer the Questions
4. Read and list the Main points
5. Read and Organise the man points
6. Read and Critique
7. Read and suggest the Title/Topic
8. Read and write the Main Idea

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Purpose of the Writer
Pronoun Referencing
1. To entertain oPronoun and antecedent
2. To inform oExample:
3. To persuade Tassawar left to England in 2004. Ali
also left in the same Year. He grew up
4. To compare and contrast in Pakistan.
5. To critique
6. To analyse
7. To create

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Critical Reading Process

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Scanning
 Look for some specific points by looking at the whole text
 For highlighting the important points of a book
 Decide what keywords you need to look for before you start reading rather then focusing
on meanings; stop and read more closely
 Read each question completely before starting to scan
 Look for answers to only one question at a time
 When you locate a keyword, read the surrounding text carefully to see if it is relevant.
 Re-read the question to determine if the answer you found answers this question.

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Scanning Exercise
Scan the paragraph to look for verbs/adjectives/ adverbs
Scan the paragraph and identify a topic sentence
Scan the paragraph to answer the questions
Scan the paragraph and identify misspelled word
Scan the paragraph and write the main idea

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Skimming
 Fast reading to comprehend large amounts of text. Skimming techniques are:
 Book Title
 Chapter title
 Chapter headings
 Topic sentence of paragraph
 Last sentence of paragraph
 Preview of a passage before reading it in detail
 Reading main points and skipping over the detail
 Reading chapter overview or table of contents
 Abstract
 Diagrams, charts and images
 Introduction and conclusion

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Skimming Process
oIdentify the purpose of reading
o Explore, explain, summaries
o Critically review
o Critique
o Imaginative fancy

oFocus on the part of the text that contains the main idea
o Topic and concluding sentence of paragraph
o Headings and sub-headings
o Underlined or highlighted words

oLook for general, not specific detail

oAvoid reading all words
oThink like the author

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Skimming Chapter
oRead and reflect on the chapter heading
oSurvey the chapter
oRead the introduction
oRead conclusion
oThorough reading and notetaking
oReviewing notes

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Book Title

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