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1.2 Basic Elements

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10 views

1.2 Basic Elements

os notes 2

Uploaded by

revicse
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ARASU ENGINEERING

COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

CS3451 – INTRODUCTION TO
OPERATING SYSTEMS
II YEAR / IV SEMESTER
Anna University Syllabus, 2021
Regulation
Prepared by
Mrs. V. Revathy
Assistant
Professor/ CSE
Basic
Elements
Computer-system operation
One or more CPUs, device controllers connect
through common bus providing access to shared
memory
Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices
competing for memory cycles

CS3451-IOS/ V. REVATHY / AP/ CSE - AEC


Instruction
Execution
I/O devices and the CPU can execute
concurrently
Each device controller is in charge of a
particular device type
Each device controller has a local buffer
CPU moves data from/to main memory
to/from local buffers
I/O is from the device to local buffer of
controller
Device controller informs CPU that it has
finished its operation by causing an interrupt
CS3451-IOS/ V. REVATHY / AP/ CSE - AEC
Common Functions of Interrupts
Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service
routine generally, through the interrupt vector,
which contains the addresses of all the service
routines
Interrupt architecture must save the address of
the interrupted instruction
A trap or exception is a software-generated
interrupt caused either by an error or a user
request
An operating system is interrupt driven
CS3451-IOS/ V. REVATHY / AP/ CSE - AEC
Interrupt Handling
The operating system preserves the state of the
CPU by storing registers and the
program
counter
Determine which type of interrupt
s has
occurred:
polling
vectored interrupt system
Separate segments of code determine
what action should be taken for each type of
interrupt
CS3451-IOS/ V. REVATHY / AP/ CSE - AEC
Interrupt
Timeline

CS3451-IOS/ V. REVATHY / AP/ CSE - AEC


I/O
 After I/O Structure
starts, control returns to user program
only upon I/O completion
 Wait instruction idles the CPU until the next interrupt
 Wait loop (contention for memory access)
 At most one I/O request is outstanding at a
time, no simultaneous I/O processing
 After I/O starts, control returns to user program without
waiting for I/O completion
 System call – request to the OS to allow user to wait for I/O
completion
 Device-status table contains entry for each I/O device
indicating its type, address, and state
 OS indexes into I/O device table to determine device status
and to modify table entry to include interrupt
Storage Definitions and Notation
Review
The basic unit of computer storage is the bit. A bit can contain one of two values, 0 and 1. All
other storage in a computer is based on collections of bits. Given enough bits, it is amazing how
many things a computer can represent: numbers, letters, images, movies, sounds, documents,
and programs, to name a few. A byte is 8 bits, and on most computers it is the smallest
convenient chunk of storage. For example, most computers don’t have an instruction to move a
bit but do have one to move a byte. A less common term is word, which is a given computer
architecture’s native unit of data. A word is made up of one or more bytes. For example, a
computer that has 64-bit registers and 64-bit memory addressing typically has 64-bit (8-byte)
words. A computer executes many operations in its native word size rather than a byte at a time.

Computer storage, along with most throughput, is generally measured and


computer manipulated in bytes and collections of
bytes.
A kilobyte, or KB, is 1,024 bytes
a megabyte, or MB, is 1,0242 bytes
a gigabyte, or GB, is 1,0243 bytes
a terabyte, or TB, is 1,0244 bytes
a petabyte, or PB, is 1,0245 bytes
Computer manufacturers often round off these numbers and say that a megabyte is 1 million
bytes and a gigabyte is 1 billion bytes. Networking measurements are an exception to this
general rule; they are given in bits (because networks move data a bit at a time).

CS3451-IOS/ V. REVATHY / AP/ CSE - AEC


Storage
 Main
access directly Structure
memory – only large storage media that the CPU can

 Random access
 Typically volatile
 Secondary storage – extension of main memory that provides
large
nonvolatile storage capacity
 Hard disks – rigid metal or glass platters covered with
magnetic
recording material
 Disk surface is logically divided into tracks, which are subdivided
into
sectors
 The disk controller determines the logical interaction between the
device and the computer
 Becoming more
Thank You
CS3451-IOS/ V. REVATHY / AP/ CSE - AEC

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