COURS DE CRYOGENIE

Génie Mécanique

Earlier Lecture
• In the earlier lecture, we have seen that the
precooling of a Simple Linde – Hampson system
improved the liquid yield.

• In a Precooled Linde – Hampson system, a closed

cycle refrigerator is thermally coupled to a simple
Linde – Hampson system through a 3 – fluid heat
exchanger.

• The precooling limit of the precooling cycle is

governed by the boiling point of the refrigerant at
its suction pressure.

Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 2

Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Earlier Lecture
• From the tutorial in the last lecture, we saw that
the yield of a Precooled cycle was more than that
of the Simple System.

• The maximum liquid yield in the Precooled

system occurs, when the effectiveness of the 3 –
fluid heat exchanger is 100%.
h6  h3
ymax  h  h
6 f

• In the above equation, the values of h6 and h3

are evaluated at boiling point of the refrigerant.
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 3
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Outline of the Lecture

Topic : Gas Liquefaction and
Refrigeration Systems (contd)

• Precooled Linde – Hampson system

• Effect of mass ratio r
• Yield v/s mass ratio r
• Work requirement v/s mass ratio r
• FOM v/s mass ratio r

Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 4

Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Introduction
• The work requirement for a Precooled Linde –
Hampson System is given by


Wc
 T1 s1  s2   h1  h2   r hb ,r
a,r 
m
 h
• The first term is the work requirement in a
Simple Linde – Hampson system.

• The second term is the additional work required

to precool the system.

Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 5

Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Introduction
• The yield for a Precooled Linde – Hampson
system is as given below.
m f h  h h h
y 1 2  
 h1  h f
m
 h1  h f
• Where, the mass ratio is given by m 
  r
• The first term in the above expression r is the yield
for a simple Linde – Hampson system. m

• The second term is the additional yield occurring
due to the precooling of the Simple system.
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 6
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Introduction
• The increment in the yield is related to the

h h
y h  h
 h 1 h 2
 ra,r d ,r

m 

m f m 1 f  h1  h f   r
 r

• The change in enthalpy values from (hd  ha)

m
of the refrigerant.


• The refrigerant flow (mr) rate across the 3 –

fluid heat exchanger.

Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 7

Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Introduction
• From the above equations, it is clear that the
liquid yield and work requirement are dependent
on the parameters like refrigerant flow rate (mr),
compression pressure and precooling
temperature.

• By varying these parameters, the performance of

the system can be optimized.

• Hence, there is a need to study the effect of the

various parameters on the performance of the
system for the proper design.

Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 8

Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Introduction
• One such parameter which
a b
is of great importance is the
c
m r refrigerant mass ratio r.
Wc 2

• The state of the working

mf QR d
 fluid entering the
 m 2 3
1 refrigeration compressor is
W c1 very important.
6

4
m  m
g 5
f  f
m
f Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 9
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Introduction
• Let the heat change of the
a b
refrigerant be
c
m r represented
as Qref = r(h r, d – h r, a ).
Wc 2

• Similarly, the required heat

mf QR d
m 2 3
change for Linde –

1 Hampson cycle be denoted
as QLHS.
W c1
6

m  m 4 • The relative values of Qref

and QLHS determine the
g 5
f  f state of the refrigerant at
mf the point a.
 Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 10
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Introduction
a b
1 Qref < QLHS
mr 2 Qref = QLHS
c
 3 Qref > QLHS
Wc 2 • In the 1st case, the value of
T3 would not be equal to Td.
mf QR d
 m 2 3
1
• The 2nd case is the
W c1
6
condition to achieve ymax.

4 • Since Qref
m  m LHS in the 3
rd

g 5
>
case,
Q the liquid would enter
f  f the refrigerating
m compressor.
f Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 11
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Introduction
• That is any excess flow of
a b
refrigerant than required,
c
m r results into an excess
Wc 2 available heat content.

m f QR d • As a result, the state of

2 3
m1 fluid at the point a would
W c1 be a two – phase mixture
6 which is unfavorable.
4
m  m
• Hence, for a given
g 5
f  f operating conditions, there
mf is an optimum r.
 Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 12
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Introduction
• This is better explained
a b
through a tutorial solved in
c
m r the subsequent slides.
Wc 2

• Various mass ratio r values

mf QR d
 are taken both below and
 m 2 3
1 above the limiting value to
W c1 explain the principle.
6

4
m  m
g 5
f  f
m
f Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 13
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial
Part 1
• A Precooled Linde – Hampson System has
Nitrogen and R134a as primary and secondary
fluids respectively. Determine the Liquid yield
and FOM. The operating conditions and other
useful data are as given below.

N2 r Point 2 a b c
I 0.05 101.3 bar p (bar) 1.013 8.104 8.104
II 0.07 101.3 bar T (K) 247 314 305
III 0.05 202.6 bar h (J/g) 380 420 240
IV 0.1 202.6 bar R134a

Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 14

Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial
Part 2
• Also, calculate the ymax for each of the pressures
mentioned and their corresponding r values. Plot
the data graphically and comment on the nature
of y, work requirement, FOM versus r.

N2 r Point 2 a b c
I 0.05 101.3 bar p (bar) 1.013 8.104 8.104
II 0.07 101.3 bar T (K) 247 314 305
III 0.05 202.6 bar h (J/g) 380 420 240
IV 0.1 202.6 bar R134a

Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 15

Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial
Given : Part 1
Cycle : Precooled L – H Cycle with N2.
Temperature : 300 K
Refrigerant : R134a, 1 atm  8 atm

For this cycle, Calculate and

comment
1 Liquid Yield y
2 Work/unit mass of gas compressed
3 Work/unit mass of gas liquefied
4 FOM
N2 r Point 2 N2 r Point 2
I 0.05 101.3 bar III 0.05 202.6 bar
II 0.07 101.3 bar IV 0.1 202.6 bar
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 16
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial
Given : Part 2
Cycle : Precooled L – H Cycle with N2.
Temperature : 300 K
Refrigerant : R134a, 1 atm  8 atm

For this cycle, Calculate and

comment
1 Liquid Yield ymax
2 Work/unit mass of gas compressed
3 Work/unit mass of gas liquefied
4 FOM
N2 Point 2
r @ ymax 101.3 bar
r @ ymax 202.6 bar
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 17
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Methodology
• The two pressures conditions under study are
101.3 bar and 202.6 bar.

• The Liquid yield and FOM are calculated only for

101.3 bar pressure condition.

• Also, the calculations for ymax and for an r value

beyond ymax condition are calculated only for
101.3 bar pressure condition.

• Calculations pertaining to 202.6 bar condition are

left as an exercise to students.
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 18
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial
N2 1 2 f
a b
mr p (bar) 1.013 101.3 1.013
c
 T (K) 300 300 77
Wc 2 h (J/g) 462 445 29
s (J/gK) 4.42 3.1 0.42
m f QR d
2 3 a b c
m1 p (bar) 1.013 8.104 8.104
W c1 T (K) 247 314 305
6
h (J/g) 380 420 240
4 R134a
m  m
g
• hd = hc, since the
5
f  f expansion is isenthalpic.
m
f Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 19
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial
• Ideal Work Requirement
W 1
mi  T1 s1  s f   h1 

N2h  1 f T
f
p (bar) 1.013 1.013
T (K) 300 77
h (J/g) 462 29 f g
s (J/gK) 4.42 0.42 s

Wc
  300 4.42  0.42  462  29  767 J /
m
 g
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 20
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 1
• The T – s diagram for 100 1
2 1
a Precooled Linde – 3
Precooling 6
Hampson system is as Temp
shown. .

• The state properties are

4 h=cons
as tabulated below.
f t g
5
N2 1 2 f a bs c
p (bar) 1.013 101.3 1.013 1.013 8.104 8.104
T (K) 300 300 77 247 314 305
h (J/g) 462 445 29 380 420 240
s (J/gK) 4.42 3.1 0.42 R134a
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 21
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 1
• Liquid
yield N2 r Point 2
m h1  h2
f
 ha,r  hd ,r  I 0.05 101.3 bar
y  r  h h 
m h  h
1 f  1 f 
N2 1 2 f a b c
p (bar) 1.013 101.3 1.013 1.013 8.104 8.104
T (K) 300 300 77 247 314 305
h (J/g) 462 445 29 380 420 240
s (J/gK) 4.42 3.1 0.42 R134a

462  445  0.05 380  240 17  0.05

140  0.055
y 1
462  29  462  29  433  433 
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 22
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 1
• Work/unit mass of N2
compressed N2 r Point 2
Wc
  T s  s   h  h I 0.05 101.3 bar
 1 1 2 1
m
2

r  hb,r  ha,r 

N2 1 2 f a b c
p (bar) 1.013 101.3 1.013 1.013 8.104 8.104
T (K) 300 300 77 247 314 305
h (J/g) 462 445 29 380 420 240
s (J/gK) 4.42 3.1 0.42 R134a
Wc
  300 4.42  3.1  462  445
Pr.Chakib SELADJI
 0.05420– Université
380é
Universit 23
de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 1
• Work/unit mass of N2 100 1
2 1
liquefie 3 Precooling 6
d Temp.

Wc  y1 

m 1 381 0.055
4 h=cons

f t g
5

 Wc   Wc s
381  6927.2 J / g

m 1
ym
0.055
f

Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 24

Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 1
• Figure of Merit 100 1
2 1
(FOM) 3 Precooling 6
 Wc Temp.

m 1 6927.2
 Wi
f  4 h=cons
m 767 t g
f
 5
s
f Wi
m 767
FOM  
1 f Wc 6927.2 0.1107


m Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 25

Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 1
• Liquid
yield N2 r Point 2
m h1  h2
f
 ha,r  hd ,r  II 0.07 101.3 bar
y  r  h h 
m h  h
1 f  1 f 
N2 1 2 f a b c
p (bar) 1.013 101.3 1.013 1.013 8.104 8.104
T (K) 300 300 77 247 314 305
h (J/g) 462 445 29 380 420 240
s (J/gK) 4.42 3.1 0.42 R134a

462  445  0.07 380  240 17  0.07

140  0.062
y 2
462  29  462  29  433  433 
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 26
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 1
• Work/unit mass of N2
compressed N2 r Point 2
Wc
  T s  s   h  h II 0.07 101.3 bar
 1 1 2 1
m
2

r  hb,r  ha,r 

N2 1 2 f a b c
p (bar) 1.013 101.3 1.013 1.013 8.104 8.104
T (K) 300 300 77 247 314 305
h (J/g) 462 445 29 380 420 240
s (J/gK) 4.42 3.1 0.42 R134a
Wc
  300 4.42  3.1  462  445
Pr.Chakib SELADJI
 0.07 420– Université
 380é de
Universit
Tlemcen
27
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 1
• Work/unit mass of N2 100 1
2 1
liquefie 3 Precooling 6
d Temp.

Wc  y2 

m 2 381.8 0.062
4 h=cons

f t g
5
 Wc Wc s
 381.8  J/g
ym 
m 2 6158.06
0.062
f

Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 28

Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 1
• Figure of Merit 100 1
2 1
(FOM) 3 Precooling 6
 Wc Temp.

m 2 6158.06
Wf i
 4 h=cons
m 767 t g
f
 5
s
f Wi
m 767
FOM  
2 f Wc 0.1245
 6158.06

m Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 29

Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Maximum Liquid yield 100 1
2 1

y  ymax T3  T6  Td  B Pr ef 247 3 Precooling 6

T3  T6  Td  247 Temp.
K
ymax  h6  h3
h6  h f
4 h=cons
N2 3 6 f t
f g
p (bar) 101.3 1.013 1.013 5
T (K) 247 247 77 s
h (J/g) 380 408 29
N2 Point 2
101.3 bar
y  408    @ ymax
max 3
408  29 28379 0.074

380 Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 30
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• r corresponding to ymax
N2 Point 2
m  h1  h2  ha,r  hd ,r  @ ymax
y f
 r 101.3 bar
m h  h h h 
1 f  1 f 
N2 1 2 f a b c
p (bar) 1.013 101.3 1.013 1.013 8.104 8.104
T (K) 300 300 77 247 314 305
h (J/g) 462 445 29 380 420 240
s (J/gK) 4.42 3.1 0.42 R134a
462  445 r
380  240 
0.074
 r  0.11
462  29 462  29

Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 31

Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Work/unit mass of N2
compressed @ ymax Point 2
Wc
  T s  s   h  h r=0.11 101.3 bar
 1 1 2 1
m
2

r  hb,r  ha,r 

N2 1 2 f a b c
p (bar) 1.013 101.3 1.013 1.013 8.104 8.104
T (K) 300 300 77 247 314 305
h (J/g) 462 445 29 380 420 240
s (J/gK) 4.42 3.1 0.42 R134a
Wc
  300 4.42  3.1  462  445
Pr.Chakib SELADJI
 0.11420– Université
380éde Tlemcen
Universit 32
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Work/unit mass of N2 100 1
2 1
liquefie 3 Precooling 6
d Temp.

Wc  ymax 3  0.074

m 3 384
4 h=cons

f t g
5

 Wc Wc s
 384  5189.2 J / g

m 3
ym
0.074
f

Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 33

Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Figure of Merit 100 1
2 1
(FOM) 3 Precooling 6
 Wc Temp.

m 3 5189.2
 Wi
f  4 h=cons
m 767 t g
f
 5
s
f Wi
m 767
FOM  
3 f Wc 5189.2 0.1478


m Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 34

Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• From the above
a b
m calculations, the value of r
c
r corresponding to ymax
Wc 2 0.11 at the compression
is
pressure of 101.3 bar.
m f QR d
2 3
m1 • For r= 0.12, the enthalpy of
W c1 the refrigerant at the state
6 a is calculated by applying
the energy balance across
4
m  m the 3 – fluid heat
g 5 exchanger.
f  f
m
f Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 35
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Consider a control volume
a b
m enclosing the 3 fluid heat
c
r exchanger.
Wc 2 IN OUT
mr @ d mr @ a
mf QR d

m 2 3 m@2 m@3
1 m – mf @ 6 m – mf @ 1
W c1
6 • Applying the heat balance,
we have
4
m  m
m r hd  m h  m  m
g 5 2
f  f ,r

m  m r  m 3 h3  m 
f h a,r
f h 6
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 36
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Rearranging the terms,
a b
m
r c m  r  ha , r  hd , r   m   h3  h2  h1 
Wc 2
h6 
m f QR d
2 3 • Denoting
m1  m f hthe ratios
1  h6 

W c1 m  y
6
 r m f m
4 
m  m r

g 5 r ha ,m
r  hd , r    h3  h2  h1  h6 
 f

f

m
f
 y Pr.  h6 SELADJI – Université
h1Chakib 37
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
r  ha , r  hd , r    h3  h2  h1  h6   y  h1  h6 

• The equation of y at this refrigerant flow rate r

is given by h h
h1  h2 r a,r d ,r 
yhh  hh 
1 f  1 f 

• The only unknowns in these two equations are

ha,r and y.

• The values of ha,r and y are obtained by solving

these two simulations equations.
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 38
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Substituting the values, we have
N2 1 2 f 6 a c
p (bar) 1.013 101.3 1.013 1.013 1.013 8.104
T (K) 300 300 77 247 247 305
h (J/g) 462 445 29 408 ha,r 240
R134a

 ha ,r  h d ,r   h3  h 2  h1  h6 
y    54 y  0.12h a, r  39.8
r  h1  h6   h1  h6 

y h1  h2  r ha,r  hd ,r  ha,r  3610.1y  98.55


h1  h f
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 39
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Solving the simultaneous equations we have
values as
y 4  0.074 h a,r 
• It is important
364.9to note that the value of y is
same as ymax = 0.074.

• Also, the value of enthalpy at point a after the

heat exchanger for r=0.12 is 364.9 J/g.

• This value is less than the value at the saturated

vapor (380 J/g) indicating that the fluid is now a
two – phase mixture.
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 40
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Work/unit mass of N2
compressed above ymax Point 2
Wc
  T s  s   h  h r=0.12 101.3 bar
 1 1 2 1
m
2

r  h b,r  ha,r 

N2 1 2 f a b c
p (bar) 1.013 101.3 1.013 1.013 8.104 8.104
T (K) 300 300 77 247 314 305
h (J/g) 462 445 29 364.9 420 240
s (J/gK) 4.42 3.1 0.42 R134a
Wc
  300 4.42  3.1  462  445Pr.Chakib 420 – Université
0.12SELADJI 364.8é de Tlemcen
Universit 41
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Work/unit mass of N2 100 1
2 1
liquefie 3 Precooling 6
d Temp.

Wc  y4 

m 4 385.6 0.074
4 h=cons

f t g
5

 Wc Wc s
 385.6  J/g
ym 
m 4 5239.13
0.074
f

Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 42

Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Figure of Merit 100 1
2 1
(FOM) 3 Precooling 6
 Wc Temp.

m 4 5239.13
Wf i
 4 h=cons
m 767 t g
f
 5
s
f Wi
m 767
FOM  
4 f Wc 0.1464
 5239.13

m Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 43

Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 1
• Tabulating the results for 101.3 bar pressure
condition, we have the following comparison for
the various values of

• Refrigerant flow rate (mr).

W  W
r y  FOM
m f m
I 0.05 0.055 381.0 6927.2 0.111
II 0.07 0.062 381.8 6158.1 0.125
III (ymax) 0.11 0.074 384.0 5189.2 0.148
IV 0.12 0.074 385.6 5239.1 0.146

Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 44

Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 1
• Similarly, calculating the results for 202.6 bar
pressure condition, we have the following
comparison for the various values of

• Refrigerant flow rate (mr).

W  W
r y  FOM
m f m
I 0.05 0.085 476.0 5600.0 0.137
II 0.1 0.102 478.0 4704.7 0.163
III (ymax) 0.17 0.127 479.0 3783.5 0.203
IV 0.18 0.127 483.5 3819.6 0.201

Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 45

Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Liquid yield v/s. r
101.3 r y
I 0.05 0.055
II 0.07 0.062
III (ymax) 0.11 0.074
y IV 0.12 0.074
202.6 r y
Precooled L – H System I 0.05 0.085
with N2 and R134a
II 0.1 0.102
III (ymax) 0.17 0.127
IV 0.18 0.127

r
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 46
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Liquid yield v/s. r
• It is clear that the yield
of the system increases
with the increase in the
refrigerant flow rate for a
y given compression
pressure.
Precooled L – H System
with N2 and R134a

• As the compression
pressure increases, the
yield increases for a
given amount of the
r refrigerant flow rate.
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 47
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Liquid yield v/s. r
• For each compression
pressure, the yield
reaches to a maximum
values and thereafter, it
y remains constant.

Precooled L – H System
with N2 and R134a • This value of r is the
limiting value.

r
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 48
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Liquid yield v/s. r
• Any additional increase in
r leads to the liquid flow
into the refrigerant
compressor, which is not
y a desirable condition.

Precooled L – H System
with N2 and R134a • Also, the limiting value
increases with the
increase in the
compression pressure.

r
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 49
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Work/unit mass compressed v/s. r
W
101.3 r 

202.6 bar m
I 0.05 381.0
II 0.07 381.8
III (ymax) 0.11 384.0
W
 m Precooled L – H System
with N 2and R134a
IV 0.12 385.6
W
 202.6 r 

m
101.3 bar I 0.05 476.0
II 0.1 478.0
III (ymax) 0.17 479.0
r
IV 0.18 483.5
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 50
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Work/unit mass compressed v/s. r
• We see that the
202.6 bar work/unit mass of gas
compressed increases
with the increase in the
refrigerant flow rate for a
W
 m Precooled L – H System given compression
with N and R134a


2
pressure.

• As the compression
101.3 bar
pressure increases, work
requirement also
r increases.
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 51
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Work/unit mass compressed v/s. r
W
101.3 r 

202.6 bar m
IV 0.12 385.6
W
202.6 r 

W m
 m Precooled L – H System
with N 2and R134a IV 0.18 483.5
 • It is clear that the work
requirement is increased
101.3 bar
when the r value is
increased beyond the
limiting value.
r
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 52
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Work/unit mass compressed v/s. r
• For each compression
202.6 bar pressure, the increase in
the work requirement is
very small.

W
 m Precooled L – H System
with N 2and R134a • Hence, the work
 requirement for the
precooling compressor is
negligible as compared to
101.3 bar
that of liquefaction
compressor.
r
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 53
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Work/unit mass Liquified v/s. r
101.3 r  W
Precooled L – H
System with
N2 and R134a f m
I 0.05 6927.2
II 0.07 6158.1
W
III (ymax) 0.11 5189.2

mf IV 0.12 5239.1
 202.6 r  W

f m
I 0.05 5600.0
II 0.1 4704.4
III (ymax) 0.17 3783.5
r
IV 0.18 3819.0
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 54
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Work/unit mass Liquified v/s. r
Precooled L – H
• For each compression
System with
N and R134a
2
pressure, the work
requirement decreases
with the increase in the
W
refrigerant flow rate.


m • As the compression
f pressure increases, the
work requirement
decreases for a given
amount of the refrigerant
r flow rate r.
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 55
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Work/unit mass Liquified v/s. r
Precooled L – H
• The limiting values of r
System with
N and R134a
2
are as shown.

• Plotting the values of r

 W above the limiting values
we have as shown
m
101.3 r  W
f m
f

IV 0.12 5239.1
202.6 r  W
r f m
IV 0.18 3819.0 56
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• Work/unit mass Liquified v/s. r
Precooled L – H
• Any further increase in
System with
N and R134a
2
the r, increases the work
input. But under such
conditions, the liquid
W
refrigerant would enter
 the precooling
mf

compressor.

• This is undesirable for

compressor operation.

r
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 57
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• FOM v/s. r
101.3 r FOM
Precooled L – H
System with
I 0.05 0.111
N2 and R134a II 0.07 0.125
III (ymax) 0.11 0.148
IV 0.12 0.146
202.6 r FOM
I 0.05 0.137
II 0.1 0.163
III (ymax) 0.17 0.203
IV 0.18 0.201

r
Pr. Engineering,
Chakib SELADJIIIT
– Université
Universit 58
é de Tlemcen
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Bombay
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• FOM v/s. r
Precooled L – H
• For each compression
System with
N2 and R134a
pressure, the FOM
increases with the
increase in the
refrigerant flow rate.

• As the compression
pressure increases, the
FOM increase for a given
amount of the refrigerant
flow rate r.
r
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 59
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Tutorial : Part – 2
• FOM v/s. r
Precooled L – H
• The limiting values of r
System with
N2 and R134a
are as shown.
101.3 r FOM
IV 0.12 0.146
202.6 r FOM
IV 0.18 0.201
• Any further increase in
the r, decreases the
FOM. But, the liquid
refrigerant would enter
r the precooling
compressor.
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 60
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Summary
• For a Precooled Linde – Hampson system, the
liquid yield and work requirement are dependent
on the parameters like refrigerant flow rate (mr),
compression pressure and precooling
temperature.

• It is important to note that the working fluid

entering the refrigeration compressor should be
in the gaseous state.

• If Qref > QLHS, the liquid enters the refrigerating

compressor.

Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 61

Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Summary
• The yield of the system increases with the
increase in the refrigerant flow rate and the
compression pressure.

• The value of r corresponding to maximum yield is

called as the limiting value.

• This limiting value of r increases with the

increase in the compression pressure.

• Work/unit mass of gas compressed increases

with the increase in the refrigerant flow rate and
compression pressure.
Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 62
Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Summary
• The work requirement for the precooling
compressor is negligible as compared to that of
liquefaction compressor.

• Work/unit mass of the gas liquefied decreases

with the increase in the refrigerant flow rate and
compression pressure.

• For a given compression pressure, this work falls

to the minimum at the limiting value of r.

Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 63

Université de Tlemcen
 COURS DE CRYOGENIE
Génie Mécanique

Summary
• Figure of Merit (FOM) increases with the increase
in the refrigerant flow rate and the compression
pressure.

• For a given compression pressure, FOM reaches

to a maxima at the limiting value of r.

Pr. Chakib SELADJI – Université 64

Université de Tlemcen