UNIVERSITY GEOMATIKA MALAYSIA

DWIT 120 INTRODUCTION TO IT

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTER

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 1
REFERENCE
1. Englander, I., & Wong, W. (2021). The
architecture of computer hardware,
systems software, and networking:
An information technology approach.
John Wiley & Sons.
2. Eric Frick. (2019). Information
Technology Essentials : An
Introduction to Information
Technology, Frick Industries LLC P.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 2
COURSE EVALUATION
COURSE WORK (60 %)
Assessment Weightag Dateline
e

Quiz 10 Week 7
Assignment 1 - 20 Week 8
Personal
Assignment 2 - Group 20 Week 10
Presentation 10 Week 10

Final 40

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 3
OBJECTIVE
 Definition of Computer
 Overview of the History of Computers
 Advantages & Disadvantages of Computers
 Information Processing Cycle
 Overview of the components of a computer
 To understand the classification of computers
 To Discuss various computer applications in
society

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 4
COMPUTER?
 The word computer is derived from the word
compute which means to calculate something
 With this meaning a computer is considered to be a
calculating device that performs the arithmetic
operations at enormous speed
 Nowadays computer is not just the calculating device
but it can perform many operations, so we can
specify as:
“Computer is an electronic device that processes data
converting it into information that is useful to people”
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 5
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is an electronic machine that can be
programmed to accept data (input), process it
into useful information (output), and store it in
a storage media for future use.

System Unit
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is an electronic device, operating under the
control of instructions (software) stored in its own
memory unit, that can accept data (input),
manipulate data (process), and produce information
(output) from the processing. Generally, the term is
used to describe a collection of devices that function
together as a system.
A computer is
 is an electronic machine or device executing the instructions
in a program
A computer can
 accept data, manipulate or process the data, produce results,
and store the results
HISTORY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
& COMMUNICATION
3000 BCE : Abacus is invented in Babylonia
700 – 800 BCE : Arabic numbers introduced to Europe
1642 : First mechanical adding machine (Blaise
Pascal)
1666 : First mechanical calculator that can add and
subtract (Samuel Morland)
1714 : First patent for a typewriter (England)
1801 : Introduced pattern of punched card 1820 : The
first mass – produced calculator, the Thomas
Arithnometer

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 9
1829 : William Austin patterns the first workable
typewriter in America
1833 : Babbage’s difference engine (automatic
calculator)
1843 : World’s first computer programmer, Ada
Lovelace
1876 : Alexander Graham Bell patents the
telephone
1895 : First radio signal transmitted
1927 : First demonstration of television in USA

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 10
1941 : Konrad Zuse (Germany) produces the first
fully functional digital computer
1945 : John Von Neumann introduces the concept of
a stored program
1946 : First programmable electronic computer in
United States (UNIAC)
1951 : Computers are first sold commercially

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 11
1958 : Integrated circuit (first modem)
1962 : The first computer game is invented
(Spacewar)
1970 : Microprocessor chips come into use, floppy
disk introduced to storing data; first dynamic
RAM chip was introduced.
1972 : First video-game (Pong)
1976 : Apple-1 computer (first personal computer
sold).
1981 : IBM introduces personnel computer, mouse
becomes regular part of computer

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 12
1982 : Portable computers
1984 : Apple Macintosh; first personal laser printer.
1990 : Laptop become very popular
1994 : Apple and IBM introduce PCs with full-motion
video built
2001 : Dell computers becomes the largest PC
maker
2002 : Friendster become popular
2003 : Facebook, Myspace was introduced

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 13
2005 - 2006 : YouTube and twitter become popular
2007 : Apple introduced iPhone
2008 : Netbooks become popular
2010 : Apple release iPad
2012 : Smartphone was introduced.
2015 : Foldable computer
2017 : Self-aware machine intelligence

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 14
INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE
To understand how a computer functions you must
understand the information processing cycle.
Information Processing Cycle - The sequence of events in
processing information, which includes (1) input, (2)
processing, (3) storage and (4) output. These processes
work together and repeat over and over.

Input — entering data into the computer.

Processing — performing operations on the data.
Storage — saving data, programs, or output for future use.
Output — presenting the results.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 15
INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 16
BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
A computer has four main components:
• the central processing unit or CPU,
• the primary memory,
• input units
• output units.

A system bus connects all four components, passing and relaying

information among them.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 17
 BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER -
CPU
• Computer scientists typically call the CPU the "brain" of the
computer because this is where programs are executed.

• A program is a set of instructions that tells the computer

how to accomplish a specific task, such as sending a file to
the printer, opening a browser window, or playing music or
video.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 18
BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER -
CPU
• The CPU is further broken up into three smaller components:

• the arithmetic unit handles all the simple mathematical

computations;

• the control units interpret the instructions in a computer

program; and the instruction decoding unit converts
computer programming instructions into machine code.

• Machine code is the basic language understood by all the

components in a computer.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 19
BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER -
MEMORY
• Once the CPU converts a specific set of computer program
instructions into machine code, it stores that machine code in
primary storage or memory.

• The machine code will be treated as either data or instructions.

• The CPU fetches data and instructions from memory, uses

an instruction to manipulate the data, and then sends the result
and the next set of instructions back to memory.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 20
BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER –
INPUT UNITS
• Input units are all the devices you use to feed information
to the computer, such as a keyboard, a hard drive or a
networking card.

• These devices, in essence, bring data from the "outside

world" into your computer, in much the same way that your
eyes and ears bring information to your brain.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 21
BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER –
OUTPUT UNITS
• Output units are the devices your computer uses to relay
information to the user, such as a printer, monitors and
speakers.

• An output device is a piece of computer hardware that receives

data from a computer and then translates that data into another
form.

• That form may be audio, visual, textual, or hard copy such as a

printed document.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 22
BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER –
THE SYSTEM BUS
• The system bus lets the four components of the computer
communicate with one another.

• The system bus transmits data and instructions. It also sends

addresses that tell the CPU where in primary memory the data
and instructions are coming from and where the results should
go.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 23
ADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS
What are the advantages of using computers?

High Accuracy Storage Versatility

Speed

Cost
Automatio Diligence Effectiven
n ess

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 24
ADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS

High speed: Computers have the ability to perform

routine tasks at a greater speed than human beings.
They can perform millions of calculations in seconds.

Accuracy: Computers are used to perform tasks in a

way that ensures accuracy.

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ADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS

Storage: Computers can store large amount of

information. Any item of data or any instruction stored
in the memory can be retrieved by the computer at
lightning speeds.

Automation: Computers can be instructed to perform

complex tasks automatically (which increases the
productivity).

Diligence: Computers can perform the same task

repeatedly & with the same accuracy without getting
tired. 26
ADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS

Versatility: Computers are flexible to perform both

simple and complex tasks.

Cost effectiveness: Computers reduce the amount

of paper work and human effort, thereby reducing
costs.

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 DISADVANTAGES OF USING
COMPUTERS
What are the disadvantages of using computers?

Violation of
Public Safety
Privacy

Impact on Impact on
Health Risks
Labor Force Environment

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 28
 DISADVANTAGES OF USING
COMPUTERS
Violation of Privacy: Nearly every life event is
stored in a computer somewhere in medical records,
credit reports, tax records, etc. In many instances,
where personal and confidential records were not
protected properly, individuals have found their
privacy violated and identities stolen.

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 DISADVANTAGES OF USING
COMPUTERS
Public Safety: Adults, teens, and children around the world
are using computers to share publicly their photos, videos,
journals, music, and other personal information. Some of
these unsuspecting, innocent computer users have fallen
victim to crimes committed by dangerous strangers. Protect
yourself and your dependents from these criminals by being
cautious in e-mail messages and on Web sites. For example, do
not share information that would allow others to identify or
locate you and do not disclose identification numbers,
passwords, or other personal security details.

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 DISADVANTAGES OF USING
COMPUTERS
Impact on Labor Force: Different tasks are
performed automatically by using computers. It
reduces the need of people and increases
unemployment in society.

Health Risks: Prolonged or improper computer use

can lead to injuries or disorders of the hands, wrists,
elbows, eyes, neck, and back.

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 DISADVANTAGES OF USING
COMPUTERS

Impact on Environment: Computer manufacturing

processes and computer waste are depleting natural
resources and polluting the environment. When
computers are discarded in landfills, they can release
toxic materials and potentially dangerous levels of
lead, mercury, and flame retardants.

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 TYPES OF COMPUTERS

Types of
Computers

Microcomput Minicompute Supercompu

Mainframe
er r ter
 MICROCOMPUTER
Microcomputers: A relatively compact type of
computer, the most common of all, easily
outsells all other types of computers
annually for use in business and at home.

Five types of Microcomputers:

 Desktop Computers
 Notebook Computers/Laptop Computers
 Tablet PCs
 Personal Digital Assistants
 Palm PCs
 MICROCOMPUTER
Can be classified into:
 Desktop PCs
 sits on desks, rarely moved, large and bulky.
 Memory capacity, graphics capacity and software
availability vary from one computer to another
Used both for business and home applications
 Portable PCs
 Can be moved easily from place to place
 Weight may varies
 Small PCs are popular known as laptop
 Widely used by students, scientist, reporters, etc
MICROCOMPUTER
 MICROCOMPUTER

Advantages Uses of
 Small size Microcomputer
 Low cost  Word Processing
 Portability  Home entertainment
 Low Computing Power  Home banking
 Commonly used for  Printing
personal applications  Surfing the internet
Disadvantages
 Low processing speed
 MINICOMPUTER
Medium sized computer
Also called the minis
 e.g. IBM36, HP9000, etc
Computing power lies between microcomputer
and mainframe computer
 UNDERSTANDING TERMINALS

Terminal
 has a keyboard for input
 monitor for output
 processes little or no data on its own

Terminal emulator
 personal computer, workstation, or server
 uses special software to imitate a terminal
 allows the PC to communicate with the mainframe or
supercomputer
MINICOMPUTER
MINICOMPUTER
Characteristics
 Bigger size than PCs
 Expensive than PCs
 Multi-User
 Difficult to use
 More computing power than PCs
 Used by medium sized business
organizations, colleges, libraries and banks.
 MINICOMPUTER
Uses of Minicomputer
 Control of Automated Teller Machine (ATMs)
 Payroll
 Hospital patients registration
 Inventory Control for supermarket
 Insurance claims processing
 Small bank accounting and customer details tracking
Advantage
 Cater to multiple users
 Lower costs than mainframes
Disadvantage
 Large
 Bulky
MAINFRAME
Known as enterprise servers
Occupies entire rooms or floors
Used for centralized computing
Serve distributed users and small servers in a
computing network
 MAINFRAME
Large, fast and expensive computer
Cost millions of dollar
 e.g. IBM3091, ICL39, etc
Characteristics:
 Bigger in size than minicomputers
 Very expensive
 Support a few hundred users simultaneously (Multi-Users)
 Difficult to use
 More computing power than minicomputers
 Have to be kept in a special air-conditioned room
 Used in big business organizations and government departments
 MAINFRAME
Areas where mainframes are used
 Airline reservation
 Big banks with hundreds of branches located all over the
world
 Big universities with thousands of enrollment
 Natural gas and oil exploration companies
 Space Vehicle control
 Weather forecasting
 Animated Cartoon
 Some mainframes are designed to be extremely fast and
called super computers. It is used for space launching,
monitoring and controlling.
MAINFRAME
MAINFRAME
Advantage
 Supports many users and instructions
 Large memory
Disadvantage
 Huge size
 Expensive
 SUPERCOMPUTER
Fastest and expensive
Used by applications for molecular chemistry, nuclear
research, weather reports, and advanced physics
Consists of several computers that work in parallel as a
single system
SUPERCOMPUTER
Advantage
 Speed
Disadvantage
 Generate a large amount of heat during
operation
COMPUTER CLASSIFICATION -
SUPERCOMPUTER

Summit – IBM

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 50
EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER USAGE

What software is available

for a home user?

 Personal Finance
Management
 Web access
 Communications
 Entertainment

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 51
EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER USAGE

What software is available for a small office/home

office (SOHO) user?
 Productivity
software
 Specialty
software
 Web usage
 E-mail

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 52
EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER USAGE
What is available for a mobile user?
 Hardware
 Notebook computers
 Tablet PCs
 Internet-enabled
PDAs
 Smart phone
 Software
 Word processing
 Spreadsheet
 Presentation graphics
software

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 53
EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER USAGE
What are the needs of a power user?
 Extremely fast processors
 Types of power users
 Engineers
 Scientists
 Architects
 Desktop publishers
 Graphic artists

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 54
EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER USAGE
What are the needs of the large
business user?
 Payroll
 Inventory
 E-commerce
 Desktop
publishing

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 55
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN SOCIETY
What are some examples of computer applications
in society?
 Education
 Finance
 Government
 Health Care
 Science
 Publishing
 Travel
 Manufacturin
g

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 56
SUMMARY - REVIEW
What did we learn in this lecture? Plenty. Some terms
to jog your memories:
 Introduction and history ICT
 What is computer?
 Information Processing Cycle
 Advantages and Disadvantages of computer
 Disadvantages of computer
 Component of computer
 Classification of Computer
 Example of Computer Usage

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 57