Topic 12

Integration
Topic Objectives
1. To define the differential.
2. To define the anti-derivative and the indefinite integral.
3. To evaluate constants of integration.
1
4. To apply the formulas for u du , e du and  du
n u

u
5. To handle more challenging integration problems.
6. To apply Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus.
7. To develop concepts of consumers’ surplus and producers’
surplus.
Topic Outline
1. Differentials
2. The Indefinite Integral
3. Integration with Initial Conditions
4. More Integration Formulas
5. Techniques of Integration
6. The Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus
7. Consumers’ and Producers’ Surplus
 12.1 Differentials
If y = f(x), then dy/dx = f’(x)
Thus, the differential of y is dy = f’(x)dx

Example 1
Find the differential of and evaluate it when x = 1 and dx = 0.04.
Solution: The differential is

d 3
dy  x  2x 2  3x  4dx 3x 2  4x  3dx
When x = 1 anddx
dx = 0.04,

dy [312  41  3]0.04 0.08

Example 2

A governmental health agency examined the records of a group

of individuals who were hospitalized with a particular illness. It
was found that the total proportion P that are discharged at the
end of t days of hospitalization is given by
3
 300 
P Pt  1   
 300  t 
Use differentials to approximate the change in the proportion
discharged if t changes from 300 to 305.
Solution: We approximate ∆P by dP,
2
 300   300  3003
P dP P ' t dt  3     dt 3
2 
dt
 300  t   300  t 4
 300  t 
When t = 300 and dt = 5,
3003
dP 3 (5) 0.0031
600 4
 12.2 The Indefinite Integral
When we know the derivative of a function, the process of finding
the function itself is called antidifferentiation.
For example, if the derivative of a function is 2x, we know that the
function could be because .

But the function could also be because .

Thus we say that the general antiderivative of is ,
where is an arbitrary constant.
The process of finding an antiderivative is also called integration.
 The Indefinite Integral
We can denote the indefinite integral (that is, the general

f  x dx F x  C if andonlyif F ' x  f  x 

antiderivative) of a function f (x) by .

Basic Integration Properties:

Example 3
Find 5dx
Solution:5dx 5 x  C

Example 4
Find 7 xdx
7x 2
Solution:7 xdx  C
2
Example 5
1/ 2
1 t
a.  dx  t  1/ 2dx   C 2 t  C
t 1/ 2
1 1  x  3 1  1
b.  3 dx     C  2
C
6x 6   3  1 12 x
 x 4  7x 3  10e x  1dx
Example 6

Find2
5

Solution:

2
5

x 4  7 x 3  10e x  1 dx
4
2 x dx  7 x 3 dx  10 e x dx  1dx
5

x9 / 5 x4
2   7   10 e x  x  C
9/5 4
10 9 / 5 7 4
 x  x  10e x  x  C
9 4
Example 7
2 x  1x  3  x3  1
b.  2 dx
Find a.  dx
6 x

Solution:
2 x  1x  3dx x3  1
a.  6
b.  2 dx
x
x  x  2 dx
1

2
 ( 2 x  5 x  3)dx
6
1 x3 x2  x2 1
  2   5  3 x   C   C
6 3 2  2 x
x3 5x 2 x
   C
9 12 2
 12.3 Integration with Initial
Conditions
Use initial conditions to find the constant, C.
Example 8
If y is a function of x such that y’ = 8x − 4 and y(2) = 5, find y.
Solution: We find the integral,
x2
y  8 x  4 dx 8   4 x  C 4 x 2  4 x  C
2
Using the condition, the equation is

5 42  42  C
2

 y 4x 2  4x  3
C  3
Example 9
For a particular urban group, sociologists studied the current
average yearly income y (in dollars) that a person can expect to
receive with x years of education before seeking regular
employment. They estimated that the rate at which income
changes with respect to education is given by
dy
100 x 3 / 2 4  x 16
dx
where y = 28,720 when x = 9. Find y.
Solution:
We have y  100 x 3 / 2dx 40 x 5 / 2  C
When x = 9,
28,720 409 
5/2
C
C 19,000
Therefore,
y 40 x 5 / 2  19,000
Example 10
In the manufacture of a product, fixed costs per week are RM4000.
(Fixed costs are costs, such as rent and insurance, that remain
constant at all levels of production during a given time period.) If
the marginal-cost function is
dc
0.0000010.002q 2  25q  0.2
dq
where c is the total cost (in RM) of producing q pounds of product
per week, find the cost of producing 10,000 lb in 1 week.
Solution:

c q  0.000001
0.002q2  25q  0.2dq
The total cost c is

 0.002q3 25q2 
0.000001   0.2q C
3 2 
 

When q = 0, c = 4000  C = 4000.

 0.002q3 25q2 
Cost of 10,000 lb in one week,

c q  0.000001   0.2q  4000

3 2 
 

c 10000 RM5416.67

 12.4 More Integration
Formulas
Basic Integration Formulas
Example 11
b. 3x  4 .6x dx
20
2 5
Find the integral of: a. x  1 dx

Solution:
a. Let u x  1  du dx
20 20 u 21 x  1
21

x 1 dx u  du 

21
C 
21
C

b. Let
Example 12
2x 3  3 x
Find a.  6y dy
3 b. x 4
 3x 2  7 
4
dx

Solution:
4/3 3
y 3 6 4/3

3
a. 3 6 y dy  6 C  y C
4/3 4
2x 3  3 x
b. x 4 2
 3x  7 
4
dx

Letu x 4  3x 2  7  du 4x 3  6x dx

du 1 u 1
u  2  2  3 C  6x 4  3x 2  73 C
3
 4 
Example 13

x 
x2 x 3 3 x
2 xe
2
Find: a. dx b.  1e dx

a.Letu x 2  du 2xdx
Solution:

2 xe
x2
dx e x2
2 xdx
x2
e du e  C e  C
u u

b.Letu x 3  3x  du 3x 2  3dx

1 u
x  x 3 3 x
2
 1e dx  e du  C
3
1 x 3 3 x
 e C
3
Example 14
2x
 3x 
3
dx.
x  3x  7
Find  4 2


Solution:Let u  x 4  3 x 2  7  du  4 x 3  6 x dx 
du
 (2 x 3  3 x)dx
2
2 x 3
 3x  1 1 1
x 4  3x 2  7dx  2 u du 2 ln u  C
1
 ln x 4  3 x 2  7  C
2
1

 ln x 4  3 x 2  7  C
2

 12.5 Techniques of
Integration
x3  x 2x 3  3x 2  x  1
Example 15 - Preliminary Division before

a.  dx b.  dx
x 2x  1
Integration
2
Find:

x3  x 1 x2
a.  2 dx  x  dx   ln x C
x x 2
Solution: 

3 2
Long division
2x  3 x  x  1  2 1 
b.  dx   x  x  dx
2x  1  2 x  1
x3 x2 1
   ln 2 x  1  C
3 2 2
http://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/polynomials-division-long.html
Example 16 - An Integral Involving bu
Find  dx.
3 x
2
Solution:
ln 2 3 x 
 
3 x
2 dx  e dx
Letu ln23  x   du  ln2dx
ln 2 3  x  1 1 u
2 dx e 
3 x u
dx  e du  e C
ln 2 ln 2
1 ln 2 3 x  1 3 x 
 e  C  2 C
ln 2 ln 2
General formula for integrating bu is
1 u
b du  ln b b  C
u
 12.6 The Fundamental
Theorem of Integral
Calculus

b a

f x dx  f x dx
• If a > b, then
a b
a
• If limits are equal,
f x dx 0
a
Properties of the Definite Integral
b

1. f x dx
a
is the area bounded by the graph f(x).
b b
2. kf x dx k f x dx
a a
where k is a constant.

b b b
3. f x g x dx f x dx g x dx
a a a
b b

4. f x dx  f t dt
a a
c b c

5. f x dx f x dx f x dx

a a b
Example 17
3

3 x 
2
Find  x  6 dx.
1

Solution:
3
3
 3 x 2

  
3 x  x  6 dx  x 
2

2
 6 x 
1   1
 3 32
 3 
 
 63    1 
3  1 2

 6 1
 2   2 
48
 2
a. 4t 1/ 3  t t 2  1 dt
Example 18
3
 
1
Find b. e 3t dt
1 0

Solution:
2
2
 1/ 3
 t 2 3 1
a. 4t  t t  1 dt  4  4    t  1 

4/3 2 4

  2  4 
1  3 1
1 4 585
32  1 5  2  6 2 
4/3 4 3

8 8
1
 1  3t 1 1 3 0 1 3
b. e dt   e  e  e  e  1
3t

3 3 3
   
0   0
The Definite Integral of a Derivative
b

The Fundamental Theorem states thatf ' x dx  f b  f a 

a

Example 19
A manufacturer’s marginal-cost function is . If production is
presently set at q = 80 units per week, how much more would it
cost to increase production to 100 units per week?

Solution: We want to find the difference c(100)-c(80):

100
c 100  c 80  0.6q  2dq 0.3q2  2q80
100

80
3200 20801120
12.7 Consumers’ and Producers’
Surplus
Let demand function is p = f(q) and supply function is p =
g(q) and (q0, p0) is the point of equilibrium,
q0

  f q  p0 dq
• Consumers’ surplus, CS, is definedCSas
0

q0

  p0  g q dq
PSas
• Producers’ surplus, PS, is defined
0

(q0, p0): Point of equilibrium  when two curves intersect

Example 20

The demand function for a product is where p is the price per unit
(in dollar) for q units. The supply function is . Determine
consumers’ surplus and producers’ surplus under market
equilibrium.

Solution:
Find the equilibrium point (q0, p0),

10  0.1q 100  0.05q

q q0 600
Thus p0 10  0.1600  70
Solution (cont.):
Consumers’ surplus is
q0

CS   f q  p0 dq
0
600
600
 2
q 
 100  0.05q  70 dq  30q  0.05  $9000
0  2 0

Producers’ surplus is
q0

PS   p0  g q dq
0
600
600
 q 2

 70  (10  0.1q )dq  60q  0.1
  $18,000
0  2 0