Electrical Network Analysis (EE-211)
Lecture-5
Step Response of Series and Parallel Circuits
Mr. Abdul Samiah
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronic and Power Engineering
PNEC-NUST, Karachi, Pakistan
email:
[email protected] Spring 2022
Semester-II
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Lecture Outline
• Singularity Functions
• Unit Step Function
• Step Response of Series Circuit
• Example Problem
• Step Response of Parallel Circuit
• Example Problems
• Exercise Problems
2
Singularity Functions
• Singularity functions (also called switching functions) are very useful
in circuit analysis.
• They serve as good approximations to the switching signals that
arise in circuits with switching operations.
• They are helpful in the neat, compact description of some
circuit phenomena, especially the step response of circuits.
• The three most widely used singularity functions in circuit
analysis are the unit step, the unit impulse, and the unit ramp
functions.
3
Unit Step Function
• Mathematically
𝑢 (𝑡)= { 0,𝑡<0
1 ,𝑡 >0
• The unit step function is undefined at where it changes abruptly from to .
• If the abrupt change occurs a (where ) instead of the unit
step function becomes
𝑢 (𝑡 − 𝑡 𝑜 )=
{
0 , 𝑡 <𝑡 𝑜
1 , 𝑡 >𝑡 𝑜
• Which is the same as saying that is delayed by
seconds, 4
Unit Step Function
• If the change is at the unit step function becomes
𝑢 ( 𝑡 + 𝑡𝑜 ) =
{
0 , 𝑡 < − 𝑡𝑜
1 , 𝑡 >− 𝑡 𝑜
• We use the step function to represent an abrupt change in
voltage or current.
• For example, the voltage
𝑣 (𝑡)=
{ 0 ,𝑡 <𝑡 𝑜
𝑉 𝑜 , 𝑡 >𝑡 𝑜
𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) =𝑉 𝑜 𝑢( 𝑡 )
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Step Response of Series Circuit
• The step response is obtained by the sudden application of a dc source.
• Applying KVL to loop for • Hence, the characteristic
equation for the series
𝑑𝑖
𝐿 + 𝑅𝑖+ 𝑣=𝑣 𝑠 circuit is not affected by
𝑑𝑡
the presence of the dc
• Substituting in above equation source.
• More specifically, the
2
𝑑 𝑣 (𝑡 ) 𝑅 𝑑 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣𝑠
+ + = coefficients are the same
𝑑𝑡 2
𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶 𝐿𝐶
(and that is important in
• Which has the same form as
determining the frequency
2
𝑑 𝑖 (𝑡 ) 𝑅 𝑑 𝑖 𝑖 parameters) but the variable
+ + = 0
𝑑𝑡
2
𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶 is different. 6
Step Response of Series Circuit
• The solution has two components the transient response and
steady state component , that is
𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) =𝑣 𝑡 ( 𝑡 ) + 𝑣 𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑡 )
• The transient response is the component of the total response
that dies out with time.
• The form of the transient response is the same as the form of the
solution obtained for the source-free circuit.
• Therefore, the transient response for the overdamped,
underdamped, and critically damped cases are
7
Step Response of Series Circuit
• The steady-state response is the final value of .
• In the circuit the final value of the capacitor voltage is the
same as the source voltage .
• Hence
𝑣 𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑡 )=𝑣 ( ∞ ) =𝑉 𝑠
• Thus, the complete solutions for the overdamped,
underdamped, and critically damped cases are:
8
Example 5.1
• For the circuit find and for . Consider these cases , and .
• Solution: Case-1: When
• For the switch is closed for a
long time.
• The capacitor behaves like an open circuit while the inductor acts like
a short circuit.
24
𝑖 ( 0) = =4 𝐴
5+1
• The initial voltage across the capacitor is the same as the voltage
across the resistor; that is
1
𝑣 ( 0) = (24)=4 𝑉
5+1
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Example 5.1
• For the circuit find and for . Consider these cases , and .
• Solution: Case-1: When
• For the switch is open. What
remains is the series circuit.
𝑅 1
𝛼= =2.5 𝜔 𝑜= =2
2𝐿 √ 𝐿𝐶
𝑠 =−𝛼 ± √𝛼 −𝜔 =−1,−4
• Since
2 2
1, 2 the response is𝑜 overdamped. The total response is therefore.
• Where is the steady-state response. It is the final value of the
capacitor voltage.𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) =𝑣 𝑠𝑠 +( 𝐴1 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝐴2 𝑒 − 4 𝑡 )
−𝑡 − 4𝑡
𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) =24+( 𝐴 1 𝑒 + 𝐴2 𝑒 )
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Example 5.1
−𝑡 − 4𝑡
• Solution: Case-1: When 𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) =24+( 𝐴 1 𝑒 + 𝐴 2 𝑒 )
• We now need to find and using the initial conditions.
𝑣 ( 0 ) =24 + 𝐴 1+ 𝐴2
−20= 𝐴 1 + 𝐴 2 (a)
• The current through the inductor cannot change abruptly and is the
same current through the capacitor at because the inductor and capacitor
are now in series. Hence,
𝑑𝑣 ( 0 )
𝑖 ( 0 ) =𝐶 =4
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 ( 0 ) 4
= =16 𝑉 / 𝑠
𝑑𝑡 0.25
• Taking derivative of
𝑑𝑣 −𝑡 −4 𝑡
=0 − 𝐴 1 𝑒 − 4 𝐴 2 𝑒
• At 𝑑𝑡
16=− 𝐴 1 − 4 𝐴 2 (b) 11
Example 5.1 −20= 𝐴 1 + 𝐴 2 (a)
• Solution: Case-1: When 16=− 𝐴 1 − 4 𝐴 2 (b)
• Solving eqs (a) and (b) yields and .
−𝑡 − 4𝑡
𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) =24+( 𝐴 1 𝑒 + 𝐴2 𝑒 )
4 −𝑡 −4𝑡
𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) =24+ (− 16 𝑒 + 𝑒 )
3
• Since the inductor and capacitor are in series for the inductor current is
the same as the capacitor current. Hence
𝑑𝑣 ( 𝑡 )
𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) =𝐶
𝑑𝑡
𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) =0.25
𝑑
𝑑𝑡
4
[
24+ (−16 𝑒− 𝑡 +𝑒 − 4 𝑡 )
3 ]
4 −4 𝑡
𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) = (4 𝑒 ¿ ¿ − 𝑡 −𝑒 ) 𝐴 ¿
3
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Example 5.1
• Assignment-2 (2 Marks)
• Solve the Case-2 and Case-3 and plot and curves for comparison.
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Step Response of Parallel Circuit
• Consider the following parallel RLC circuit.
• We want to find due to a sudden application of a dc current.
• Applying KCL for
𝑑𝑣 𝑣
𝐶 +𝑖+ =𝐼 𝑠
𝑑𝑡 𝑅
• Substituting in above equation
2
𝑑 𝑖 (𝑡 ) 1 𝑑 𝑖(𝑡 ) 𝑖( 𝑡 ) 𝐼𝑠
+ + =
𝑑𝑡
2
𝑅𝐶 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶 𝐿𝐶
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Step Response of Parallel Circuit
• The complete solution consists of transient response and steady
state component , that is
𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) =𝑖𝑡 ( 𝑡 ) +𝑖 𝑠𝑠 ( 𝑡 )
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Example 5.2
• In the circuit find and for .
• Solution: For the switch is open and the circuit is partitioned into two
independent subcircuits.
• The current flows through the inductor, so that
𝑖 ( 0 ) =4 𝐴
• Since when and 0 when , the voltage source is operative for .
• The capacitor acts like an open circuit and the voltage across it is the same
as the voltage across the resistor connected in parallel with it.
20
𝑣 (0) = ( 30 ) =15 𝑉
20+20 16
Example 5.2
• For the switch is closed and we have parallel circuit.
• The voltage source is zero which means it acts like a short-circuit.
• Two resistors are in parallel. Their combined resistance is .
• The characteristic roots are determined as follows
1 1
𝛼= =6.25 𝜔 𝑜= =2.5
2 𝑅𝐶 √ 𝐿𝐶
𝑠 =−𝛼 ± √𝛼 − 𝜔 =−11.987 ,−0.5218
1, 2
2 2
𝑜
• Since the response is overdamped. Hence
−11.987 𝑡 − 0.5218𝑡
𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝐼 𝑠𝑠 +( 𝐴1 𝑒 + 𝐴2 𝑒 )
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Example 5.2
−11.987 𝑡 − 0.5218𝑡
𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝐼 𝑠𝑠 +( 𝐴1 𝑒 + 𝐴2 𝑒 )
• Where is the final value of .
−11.987 𝑡 − 0.5218𝑡
𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) =4 +( 𝐴 1 𝑒 + 𝐴2 𝑒 )
• We now use the initial conditions to determine and .
𝑖 ( 0 ) = 4+ 𝐴 1 + 𝐴 2
0= 𝐴 1 + 𝐴 2 (a)
• Taking the derivative of at
𝑑𝑖 (0)
=− 11.978 𝐴 1 − 0.5218 𝐴 2
𝑑𝑡
• We know
• Thus and 0.75=− 11.978 𝐴 1 − 0.5218 𝐴 2 (b)
−11.978 𝑡 − 0.5218𝑡
𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) =4 −0.0655 (𝑒 −𝑒 )
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−0.5218 𝑡
Example 5.2
−11.978 𝑡
𝑖 ( 𝑡 ) =4 +0.0655 (𝑒 −𝑒 )
• From we obtain
𝑑𝑖 (𝑡 )
𝑣 (𝑡)=𝐿 =20 [ 0+0.0655 (− 0.5218 𝑒− 0.5218𝑡 +11.978 𝑒 −11.978 𝑡 ) ]
𝑑𝑡
• Current through resistor
𝑣( 𝑡 )
𝑖𝑅 ( 𝑡 ) =
20
− 0.5218 𝑡 −11.978 𝑡
𝑖 𝑅 ( 𝑡 ) =− 0. 034 𝑒 +0 .7 455 8 𝑒 𝐴
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Exercise Problems
1. Having been in position for a long time, the switch in figure
below is moved to position at . Find and for .
2. Find and for in the following circuit.
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END OF LECTURE-5
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