Electrical Network Analysis (EE-211)

Lecture-2
2nd Order Circuits

Mr. Abdul Samiah

Assistant Professor
Department of Electronic and Power Engineering
PNEC-NUST, Karachi, Pakistan
email: [email protected]

Spring 2022
Semester-II

1
 Lecture Outline
• 2nd Order Circuits
• Finding Initial Conditions
• Example Problems
• Exercise Problems

2
 2 Order Circuits
nd

• 1st Order circuits: Circuits with a single

storage element (a capacitor or an inductor).

• Such circuits are first-order because the

differential equations describing them are first-
order.

• 2nd Order Circuits: Circuits containing two

storage elements.

• These are known as second-order circuits

because their responses are described by
differential equations that contain second
derivatives. 3
 Examples of 2 Order Circuits
nd

• It is apparent that a 2nd order circuit may have two

storage elements of different type or the same type
(provided elements of the same type cannot be
represented by an equivalent single element).

4
Examples of 2 Order Circuits
nd

5
 Analysis of 2 Order Circuits
nd
• Analysis of second-order circuits will be similar to that used for first-
order.
• Circuits are excited by the initial conditions of the storage
elements.
• Although these circuits may contain dependent sources, they are
free of independent sources.
• These source-free circuits will give natural responses as expected.

• Later we will consider circuits that are excited by independent

sources.
• These circuits will give both the transient response and the
steady-state response.
• We consider only dc independent sources first.

• The case of sinusoidal and exponential sources is deferred to later

part. 6
 Finding Initial and Final Values
• For analysis of 2nd order circuits we need initial and final values of
circuit parameters.

• , , , , and .

• denotes capacitor voltage, while is the inductor current.

7
 Finding Initial and Final Values
• There are two key points to keep in mind in determining the initial
conditions.
• First: We must carefully handle the polarity of voltage across
the capacitor and the direction of the current through the
inductor.

• Keep in mind that and are defined strictly according to the

passive sign convention.

8
 Finding Initial and Final Values
• Second: Keep in mind that the capacitor voltage is always
continuous so that

𝑣 ¿
• And the inductor current
𝑖 ¿

• Where denotes the time just before a switching event and is the
time just after the switching event, assuming that the switching
event takes place at .

• Thus, in finding initial conditions, we first focus on those variables

that cannot change abruptly (i.e. capacitor voltage and inductor
current). 9
 Example 2.1
• The switch has been closed for a long time. It is open at . Find a) and
b) and c) and

• Solution (a) : If the switch is

closed a long time before , it
means that the circuit has
reached dc steady state at .

• At dc steady state, the inductor

acts like a short circuit, while the
capacitor acts like an open
circuit.

• Thus

10
 Example 2.1
• As the inductor current and the capacitor voltage cannot change
abruptly

• Solution (b) : At the switch is open; the equivalent circuit is as

shown.
• The same current flows through both the inductor and capacitor.
• Hence,

• Since, , and

𝑑𝑣 ¿ ¿
11
 Example 2.1
• Similarly, since , .
• We now obtain by applying KVL to the loop.

− 12 + 4 𝑖 ¿
• Or

𝑣 𝐿 ¿

𝑣 𝐿 ¿
• Thus

𝑑𝑖 ¿ ¿
12
 Example 2.1
• Solution (c) : For the circuit undergoes transience.

• But as the circuit reaches steady state again.

• The inductor acts like a short circuit and the capacitor like an open
circuit, so that the circuit becomes that shown in figure below.

• We have

13
 Example 2.2
• In following circuit calculate a) , , b) , , c) , and.

• Solution (a) : For , .

• At , since the circuit has reached

steady state, he inductor can be
replaced by a short circuit, while
the capacitor is replaced by an
open circuit.

Unit Step Function

14
 Example 2.2
• From this figure we obtain

𝑖 𝐿 ( 0 − ) =0 𝑣 𝑅 ( 0 − ) =0 𝑣 𝐶 ( 0 − ) =−20 V

• Although the derivatives of these quantities at are not required, it is

evident that they are all zero, since the circuit has reached steady
state and nothing changes.
• Since the inductor current and capacitor voltage cannot change
abruptly

𝑖 𝐿 ¿
𝑣 𝐶 ¿

15
 Example 2.2
• For ,

• Although the voltage across the

resistor () is not required, we will
use it to apply KVL and KCL.

• Applying KCL at node

3=𝑣 𝑅 ¿ ¿ (1)

• Applying KVL to the middle mesh

− 𝑣 𝑅 ¿
• Since
𝑣 𝑅 ¿
• From eq (1)
𝑣 𝑅 ¿ 16
 Example 2.2
• Solution (b): Since

𝑑 𝑖𝐿 ¿ ¿
• Applying KVL to right mesh

𝑣 𝐿 ¿
• Since

𝑣 𝐿 ¿
• Hence

𝑑 𝑖𝐿 ¿ ¿
17
 Example 2.2
• Solution (b): Similarly

𝑑 𝑣𝐶 ¿ ¿
• To find apply KCL at node

𝑣0 ¿ ¿
• Since and

• Hence

𝑖𝐶 ¿
• Then

𝑑 𝑣𝐶 ¿ ¿ 18
 Example 2.2
• Solution (b): To get apply KCL at node

𝑣𝑅 𝑣0
3= +
2 4
• Taking derivative of each term ()

0=2 𝑑 𝑣 𝑅 ¿ ¿ (2)
• We also apply KVL to the middle mesh

− 𝑣 𝑅 + 𝑣 0 +𝑣 𝐶 +20=0
• Again, taking the derivative of each term and setting

•
− 𝑑
Substituting
𝑣 𝑅 ¿ ¿

−𝑑𝑣𝑅¿¿ (3)
19
 Example 2.2
• Solution (b): From Eqs.(2) and (3), we get

𝑑𝑣𝑅¿¿ 0=2 𝑑 𝑣 𝑅 ¿ ¿ (2)

− 𝑑 𝑣 𝑅 ¿ ¿ (3)
• Solution (c): As the circuit reaches steady state.

2
𝑖𝐿 ( ∞ ) = ( 3 )=1 𝐴
2+ 4

4
𝑣 𝑅 ( ∞ )= ( 3 ) (2)= 4 𝑉
2+ 4

𝑣 𝐶 ( ∞ )=− 20 𝑉

20
 Exercise Problems
1. The switch was open for a long time but closed at . Find a) and b)
and c) and .

• calculate a) , , b) , , c) , and.

21
To download this lecture visit
http://imtiazhussainkalwar.weebly.com/

END OF LECTURE-2

22