Electrical Network Analysis (EE-211)

Lecture-4
Source-Free Parallel Circuits

Mr. Abdul Samiah

Assistant Professor
Department of Electronic and Power Engineering
PNEC-NUST, Karachi, Pakistan
email: [email protected]

Spring 2022
Semester-II

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 Lecture Outline
• Source Free Parallel Circuit
• Solution of Parallel Circuit
• Example Problems
• Exercise Problems

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 Source-Free Parallel Circuits
• Consider the parallel circuit shown below

• The circuit is being excited by the energy

initially stored in the capacitor and
inductor.

• The energy is represented by the initial capacitor voltage and initial

inductor current .

• Thus at
𝑣 ( 0 ) =𝑉 𝑜
0
1
𝑖 ( 0 ) = ∫ 𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡=¿ 𝐼 𝑜 ¿
𝐿 −∞ 3
 Source-Free Parallel Circuits
• Applying KCL
0
𝑣 1 𝑑𝑣
+ ∫ 𝑣 ( 𝜏 ) 𝑑𝜏+𝐶 =¿0¿
𝑅 𝐿 −∞ 𝑑𝑡

• Taking the derivative with respect

to and dividing by results in
2
𝑑 𝑣 (𝑡 ) 1 𝑑 𝑣 (𝑡 ) 𝑣 (𝑡 )
+ + =0 (1)
𝑑𝑡
2
𝑅𝐶 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶

• Substituting in Eq(1)
𝑠𝑡 1 1
𝐴 𝑒 (𝑠¿ ¿ 2+ 𝑠+ )=0 ¿
𝑅𝐶 𝐿𝐶
• Characteristic equation is
2 1 1
𝑠 + 𝑠+ =0
𝑅𝐶 𝐿𝐶 4
 Solution of Parallel RLC Circuit
2 1 1
𝑠 + 𝑠+ =0
𝑅𝐶 𝐿𝐶
• The roots of the characteristic equation are

√( )
2
1 1 1
𝑠1 , 2=− ± −
2 𝑅𝐶 2 𝑅𝐶 𝐿𝐶

𝑠1, 2=−𝛼 ± √𝛼 − 𝜔
• or 2 2
𝑜
• where
1 1
𝛼= 𝜔 𝑜=
2 𝑅𝐶 √ 𝐿𝐶

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 Solution of Parallel RLC Circuit
𝑠1, 2=−𝛼 ± √𝛼 − 𝜔 2 2
𝑜
• Possible solutions for ,
𝑠1 𝑡 𝑠2 𝑡
𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝐴1 𝑒 + 𝐴2 𝑒

• where the constants and are determined from the initial values
and

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 Solution of Parallel RLC Circuit
𝑠1, 2=−𝛼 ± √𝛼 − 𝜔
2 2
𝑜

• From above equations we can infer that there are three types of
solutions.

1. If , we have the overdamped case

2. If , we have the critically damped case
3. If , we have the underdamped case

• We will consider each of these cases separately.

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Solution of Parallel RLC Circuit (Overdamped case )
𝑠1, 2=−𝛼 ± √𝛼 − 𝜔 2 2
𝑜

• implies that .

• When this happens, both roots and are negative and real.
• The response is
𝑠1 𝑡 𝑠2 𝑡
𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝐴1 𝑒 + 𝐴2 𝑒

• which decays and approaches zero as increases.

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Solution of Parallel RLC Circuit (Critically Damped case )
𝑠1, 2=−𝛼 ± √𝛼 − 𝜔 2 2
𝑜

• implies that .
• When this happens, both roots and are equal.

• The response is
𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) =( 𝐴 1 + 𝐴 2 𝑡 ) 𝑒 −𝛼 𝑡

• Home Work: Show that when circuit is critically damped.

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 Solution of Parallel RLC Circuit (Underdamped case )
𝑠1, 2=−𝛼 ± √𝛼 − 𝜔 2 2
𝑜

• implies that .

• When this happens, both roots and are complex.

𝑠1 , 2=−𝛼 ± 𝑗 𝜔 𝑑
• The response is
−𝛼𝑡
𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) =𝑒 ( 𝐴 1 cos 𝜔 𝑑 𝑡 + 𝐴2 sin 𝜔 𝑑 𝑡 )

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 Example 4.1
• In the parallel circuit find for , assuming , , , . Consider these cases , and ?
• Solution: Case-1 When

1 1
𝛼= 𝜔 𝑜=
2 𝑅𝐶 √ 𝐿𝐶
1 1
𝛼= −3 𝜔 𝑜=
2× 1.923 ×10 ×10 √ 1 ×10 ×10 −3
• 𝛼=26 𝜔 𝑜= 10
Since we conclude that the response is overdamped.
• The roots of the characteristic equation are.

𝑠 =−𝛼 ± √𝛼 − 𝜔
• And
2 2
1, 2 the corresponding
𝑠
𝑜 response
1, 2 =−26
is ± √ (26)2
−(10)2 𝑠1 , 2=−2 , −50

−2 𝑡 −50 𝑡
𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝐴1 𝑒 + 𝐴2 𝑒
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 Example 4.1
−2 𝑡 −50 𝑡
𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝐴1 𝑒 + 𝐴2 𝑒
• We now apply the initial conditions to get and
𝑣 ( 0 ) =5= 𝐴 1+ 𝐴2 (A)

• Applying KCL at top node at

𝑑𝑣 ( 0) 𝑣 (0)
𝐶 + +𝑖 ( 0 )=0
𝑑𝑡 𝑅
𝑑𝑣 ( 0) 𝑣 ( 0) 𝑖 ( 0 )
=− −
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶 𝐶
𝑑𝑣 ( 0) 5 0
=− − = −260
𝑑𝑡 1.923 ×10 ×10 −3
10 × 10−3
• Differentiating and put
𝑑𝑣 ( 0)
=−2 𝐴 1 − 50 𝐴2
𝑑𝑡
−260=− 2 𝐴1 −50 𝐴 2
130= 𝐴 1+ 25 𝐴 2 (B)
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 −2 𝑡 −50 𝑡
Example 4.1
𝑣 ( 0 ) =5= 𝐴 + 𝐴 (A) 130= 𝐴 1+ 25 𝐴 2 (B)
𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝐴1 𝑒 + 𝐴2 𝑒 1 2

• From eqs (A) and (B) we obtain and

• Substituting and yileds

−2 𝑡 −50 𝑡
𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) =−0.2083 𝑒 +5.208 𝑒

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 Example 4.1
• In the parallel circuit find for , assuming , , , . Consider these cases , and ?
• Solution: Case-2 When

1 1
𝛼= 𝜔 𝑜=
2 𝑅𝐶 √ 𝐿𝐶
1 1
𝛼= −3 𝜔 𝑜=
2× 5 × 10 × 10 √ 1 ×10 ×10 −3
• 𝛼=10 𝜔 𝑜= 10
Since we conclude that the response is critically damped.
• The roots of the characteristic equation are.

𝑠 =−𝛼 ± √𝛼 − 𝜔
• And
2 2
1, 2 the corresponding
𝑠
𝑜 response
1, 2 =−10
is ± √ (10)2
−(10)2 𝑠1 , 2=−10 ,−10

𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) =( 𝐴 1 + 𝐴 2 𝑡 ) 𝑒 −10 𝑡
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 Example 4.1
𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) =( 𝐴 1 + 𝐴 2 𝑡 ) 𝑒 −10 𝑡
• We now apply the initial conditions to get and
𝑣 ( 0 ) =5= 𝐴 1

• Using KCL Equation at

𝑑𝑣 ( 0) 𝑣 ( 0) 𝑖 ( 0 )
=− −
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶 𝐶
𝑑𝑣 ( 0) 5 0
=− − = −100
𝑑𝑡 5 × 10 ×10 −3
10 × 10−3

• Differentiating and put

𝑑𝑣 (𝑡 )
=(− 10 𝐴1 −10 𝐴2 + 𝐴2) 𝑒 −10 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 ( 0)
=−10 𝐴1 − 10 𝐴 2+ 𝐴2
𝑑𝑡
−100=− 10 𝐴1 −10 𝐴 2 + 𝐴 2
𝐴 2=− 50 15
 Example 4.1
• Thus,
−10 𝑡
𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) =(5 − 50 𝑡 )𝑒

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 Example 4.1
• In the parallel circuit find for , assuming , , , . Consider these cases , and ?
• Solution: Case-3 When

1 1
𝛼= 𝜔 𝑜=
2 𝑅𝐶 √ 𝐿𝐶
1 1
𝛼= −3 𝜔 𝑜=
2× 6.2 5 × 10 ×10 √ 1 ×10 ×10 −3
• 𝛼=8 𝜔 𝑜= 10
Since we conclude that the response is underdamped.
• The roots of the characteristic equation are.

𝑠 =−𝛼 ± √𝛼 − 𝜔
• And
2 2
1, 2 the corresponding
𝑠
𝑜 response
1, 2 =−is8 ± √ (8)2
−(10)2 𝑠1 , 2=− 8 ± 𝑗 6

− 8𝑡
𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) =𝑒 ( 𝐴 1 cos 6 𝑡 + 𝐴 2 sin 6 𝑡 )
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 Example 4.1
− 8𝑡
𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) =𝑒 ( 𝐴 1 cos 6 𝑡 + 𝐴 2 sin 6 𝑡 )
• We now apply the initial conditions to get and
𝑣 ( 0 ) =5= 𝐴 1

• KCL equation at

𝑑𝑣 ( 0) 𝑣 ( 0) 𝑖 ( 0 )
=− −
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶 𝐶

𝑑𝑣 ( 0) 5 0
=− − =− 80
𝑑𝑡 6.25 × 10 × 10−3
10 × 10− 3

• Differentiating
𝑑𝑣 (𝑡 )
=(− 8 𝐴 1 cos 6 𝑡 −8 𝐴 2 sin 6 𝑡 − 6 𝐴1 s ∈6 𝑡 + 6 𝐴 2 cos 6 𝑡 ) 𝑒− 10𝑡
𝑑𝑡
• At
− 80=−8 𝐴 1 +6 𝐴 2
𝐴 2=− 6.667 18
 Example 4.1
• Thus, − 8𝑡
𝑣 ( 𝑡 ) =𝑒 ( 5 cos 6 𝑡 −6.667 sin 6 𝑡 )

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 Example 4.1
• Case-1: Overdamped:
• Case-2: Critically Damped:
• Case-3: Underdamped:

Notice that by increasing the value of , the degree of damping decreases 20

and the responses differ.
 Exercise Problems
1. Let , and , . Find for .

2. Find for in following circuit.

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http://imtiazhussainkalwar.weebly.com/

END OF LECTURE-4

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