CLOUD 360, RAJGANGPUR

E-CONTENT PREPARATION
FOR CLASS 9TH SCIENCE
CHAPTER-8: MOTION AND ITS
DESCRIPTION
 Motio
n to be in motion when
Motion- A body is said
its position changes continuously with
respect to a stationary object taken as
reference point.

Ex.- When the position of a car changes

continuously with respect to a stationary
Distance Travelled And Displacement-
 Distance- The distance travelled by a body is
the actual length of the path covered by a
moving body irrespective of the direction in
which the body travels.
 Displacement- When a body moves from one
point to another, the distance travelled refers
to the actual length of the indirect path
whereas displacement refers to the straight
line path between the initial and the final
positions.
Scalars
and
Vectors
 1- Distance is a scalar quantity
(because it has magnitude only, it has
no specified direction).
 2- Displacement is a vector quantity
(because it has magnitude as well as
a direction).
 3- Distance travelled by a moving
body cannot be zero but the final
displacement of a moving body can
be zero
 The displacement of a moving body
will be zero if, after travelling
animation
a
certain distance, the moving body
 Uniform
Motion

Uniform motion- A body has a uniform motion if it travels equal

distances in equal intervals of time, no matter how small these
time intervals may be.
The distance-time graph for uniform motion is a straight line.
Ex.- the motion of a car in a straight-line with constant speed
Non-Uniform
motion

 A body has a non-uniform motion if it travels unequal

distance in equal intervals of time.
The distance-time graph for a
having non-uniform motion is a curved line.
animation
 Speed, Velocity and
Speed Acceleration
Speed of a body gives us an idea of how slow and
fast that body is moving. Speed of a body is =
distance travelled / time taken.
v = s/t
Where v = speed, s = distance travelled,
t = time taken unit of speed is m/s
Uniform Speed
A body has uniform speed if it travels equal distance
in equal intervals of time, no matter how small these
time intervals may be.
Average Speed
The average speed of a body is the total distance
travelled divided by the total time taken to cover this
Velocity
Velocity of a body is the distance travelled by it
per unit time in a given direction.
Velocity = displacement / time taken
V=s/t
Where V = velocity of the body, s =
displacement of the body and t = time taken
The SI unit of velocity is the same as that, (m/s
or m sˉ1 ). We can use the bigger unit of
kilometers per hour .

Uniform Velocity

A body has a uniform velocity if it travels in a

specified direction in a straight line and moves
over equal distances in equal intervals of time,
no matter how small these time intervals may
be .
The velocity of a body can be changed in two
ways –
1- by changing the speed of the body, and
How to calculate
Speed And Velocity Are Not Always Equal In Magnitude
.
The magnitude of speed and velocity of a
moving body is equal only if the body moves
in a single straight line .

If , however, a body doesn't move in a single

straight line , then the speed and velocity of
the body are not equal .

The average speed of a moving body can never

be zero, but the average velocity of a body can
be zero.

Try these
Acceleration
Acceleration of a body is defined as the rate of
change of its velocity with time .
Acceleration = change in velocity / time taken for
change
Acceleration = final velocity – initial velocity / time taken
a = (v-u) / t
Where, a = acceleration of the body
v = final velocity of the body
u= initial velocity of the body
And t = time taken for the change in velocity
- The SI unit of acceleration is meters per second square .

When a body is moving with uniform velocity, its acceleration will be

zero.

 Uniform Acceleration Non- Uniform Acceleration
velocity increases by equal velocity increase by unequal amounts in
amounts in equal intervals of equal intervals of time.
time. - The velocity -time graph for a body
The velocity -time graph of a having non-uniform acceleration is a
body having uniformly accelerated curved line.
motion is a straight line.

See the change in velocity

 Retardation ( Deceleration or Negative
Acceleration)
If the velocity of a body increases,
the acceleration is positive, and if
the velocity of the body decreases,
the acceleration is negative.
Retardation is measured in the same
way as acceleration. Retardation is
actually acceleration with the
negative sign .

Average Velocity

Average velocity =( Initial velocity

+ Final velocity) / 2
v =( u + v)/ 2
When a bar on the v denotes
the average velocity, u is the
initial velocity and v is the final
Positive negative and zero accelerat
 Questions
1. State the type of motion represented by the given

graph.

Ans: Uniform motion

2. A stone describes a circular path with

a constant speed. State the type of motion Ans: Accelerated motion
of the stone. since the direction of velocity
changes

3. Under what conditions is the magnitude

of average velocity of an object Ans: when object moves in a
equal to its average speed ? straight line
2.A farmer moves along the boundary of a square field of side
10 m in 40 s. What will be the magnitude of displacement of the
farmer at the end of 2 minutes 20 seconds from his initial
position?

Side of the given square field = 10m so, perimeter = 10 m x 4

= 40 m
Farmer takes 40 s to move along the boundary.
Displacement after 2 minutes 20 s = 2 x 60 s + 20 s = 140s
Therefore, in 1s the distance covered by farmer = 40 / 40 m =
1m
Therefore, in 140s distance covered by farmer = 1 x 140 m =
140 m. Now, number of rotation to cover 140 along the
boundary= Total Distance / Perimeter = 140 m / 40 m = 3.5
Thus, after 2 min 20 seconds the
round
displacement of farmer will be equal to 14.14
m north
Thus, east
after 3.5from initial
round position.
farmer will at point C of the field.
aphical Representation of Motion
Remember--̒time̕ is always taken along the x-axis
whereas ̒distance̕ or ̒speed̕ ( or velocity ) is
taken along the y-axis .

1- Distance – Time Graphs

- The slope of a distance – time
graph indicates speed .

І- if the distance – time graph

of a body is a straight line,
then its speed is uniform .

II – if the distance – time graph

of a body is a curved line,
then its speed is non –
uniform .
2- Speed – Time Graphs ( Or Velocity – Time
Graphs )
Three types
i) When the speed of the body remains constant ( and
there is no acceleration ) .
ii) When the speed of the body changes at a uniform rate
( there is uniform acceleration ) .
iii) When the speed of the body changes in a non- uniform
way
( there is –non-uniform
i)Speed Time Graphsacceleration ).
When the Speed
Remains Constant
If the speed-time graph of a body is a
straight line parallel to the time axis, then
the speed of the body is constant .
In a speed-time graph, the area enclosed
by the speed-time curve and the time axis
gives us the distance travelled by the body
.
The distance travelled by the body
in a given time for such a speed-time
graph is,
 II) Speed-Time Graph when Speed Changes at a
Uniform Rate
The speed-time graph for a uniformly changing speed ( or uniform
acceleration ) will be a straight line .The slope of a speed-time graph of a
moving body gives its acceleration .
a straight line sloping upwards shows uniform
acceleration

We can find out the value of acceleration from the

speed-time graph of a moving body. To calculate the
acceleration at a time corresponding to point Q.
Draw a perpendicular QP from point Q which touches
the straight line graph at point P .

Acceleration = changes on speed / time taken

The change in speed is represented by PQ whereas time

taken is equal to OQ .
Acceleration = PQ / OQ .
The distance travelled by the body in the time
corresponding to point Q will be equal to the area of
the triangle OPQ, which is equal to half the area of the
Calculating distance
iii)Speed-time Graph when the Initial Speed of the body
is not zero

In a speed-time graph of a
body, a straight line sloping
downwards indicates uniform
retardation .

The distance travelled by the body in this

case is equal to the area of trapezium . Now,
Area of trapezium = sum of two parallel sides
× height / 2
Here, sum of parallel sides is OB + AC and
height is OA .
So, distance travelled = ( OB + AC ) × OA / 2
Now try these graphs
Questions
1. A bus decreases its speed from
80 km h-1 to 60 km h-1 in 5 s. Find
the acceleration of the bus.

Initial speed of the train, u= 90 km/h = 25 m/s

2. A train is travelling at a speed of (Final speed of the train, v = 0 (finally the train
90 km h-1. Brakes are applied so as to
produce a uniform acceleration of 0.5 comes to rest and its velocity becomes 0)
m s-2. Find how far the train will go Acceleration = - 0.5 m s-2
before it is brought to rest. According to third equation of motion:
v2= u2 + 2 as
(0)2= (25)2 + 2 ( - 0.5) s
Where, s is the distance covered by the train
To Derive The Equations of Motion (Graphical
Method)
v = u + at

Initial velocity of the body, u = OA

Final velocity of the body, v = DC
But from the graph DC = DB + BC
Therefore, v = DB + BC

Again BC = OA So, v = DB + OA
But, OA = u So, v = DB + u …….(1)

We should find out the value of DB now .

We know that the slope of a velocity-time graph is equal to
Acceleration, a = slope of line AD

Or a = DB/ AB ………(2)
But AB = OC = t, so, putting t in place of AB in the above relation,
we get : a = DB / t Or DB = at
v=
Now, putting this value of DB in equation (1) weuget
+ at
: v= at + u
s = ut + ½at²

Distance travelled = Area of fig. OADC

= Area of rectangle OABC
+ Area of triangle ADB
We will now find out area of the rectangle OABC
and the area of triangle ADB .
I- Area of rectangle OABC = OA × OC
= u × t = ut
II- Area of triangle ADB = ½ × AB × DB
= ½ × t × at
= ½at²
So, distance travelled,
s = ut + ½at²
v² = u² + 2as
The distance travelled s by a body in time t is given by
the area of the fig. OADC which is a trapezium .
Distance travelled , s = Area of trapezium OADC
The s = ( Sum of parallel sides ) ×
Height / 2
Or s = ( OA + CD ) × OC / 2
Now, OA + CD = u + v
And OC = t .
Putting these values in the above relation, we get :
S=(u+v)×t/2
We know that t=(v–u)/a
Putting this value of t in equation, we get :
S = ( u + v ) × ( v – u ) / 2a
Or 2as = v² - u²
Or. v² = u² + 2as Equations
Summary
Motion- A body is said to be in motion when its position changes continuously with respect to
a stationary object
Distance: path length (scalar), Displacement: shortest path (Vector)
Uniform motion- A body has a uniform motion if it travels equal distances in equal
intervals of time
Non-Uniform motion:A body has a non-uniform motion if it travels unequal distance in
equal intervals of time.
Speed =Distance / time , unit m/s
Uniform speed = equal distances in equal intervals of time
Average speed= total distance / total time
Velocity : Velocity of a body is the distance travelled by it
per unit time in a given direction.
Velocity = displacement / time taken, V = s / t , unit is m/s
Uniform Velocity : A body has a uniform velocity if it travels in a
specified direction in a straight line and moves over equal distances in
equal intervals of time, no matter how small these time intervals may be
Summary
 Speed And Velocity Are Not Always Equal In Magnitude
 Acceleration of a body is defined as the rate of change of its velocity with time
 a = (v-u) / t , The SI unit of acceleration is meters per second square
 Uniform Acceleration: velocity increases by equal amounts in equal intervals of
time.
 Non- Uniform Acceleration : velocity increase by unequal amounts in equal
intervals of time.
 If the velocity of a body increases, the acceleration is positive, and if the
velocity of the body decreases, the acceleration is negative
 Area under the speed-time graph gives the distance travelled by the body
 The three equations of motion are
v = u + at
 s = ut + ½at²
 v² = u² + 2as