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Chapter 1 Introduction

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
11 views

Chapter 1 Introduction

Uploaded by

mitul.patel
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

Chapter-1

Introduction
What is Microprocessor?
 Microprocessor - the word comes from the combination micro
and processor.
 The term ‘Processor’
 Processor means a device that processes the input- specifically binary
numbers, 0’s and 1’s.
 The ‘process’ means ‘manipulate.’ It is a general term that describes
all manipulation. Again in this content, it means to perform certain
operations on the numbers that depend on the microprocessor’s
design.
What is Microprocessor?
 Microprocessor - the word comes from the combination micro
and processor.
 The term ‘micro’
 Micro is a new addition.
 In the late 1960’s, processors were built using discrete elements.
These devices performed the required operation, but were too large
and too slow.
 In the early 1970’s the microchip was invented. All of the components
that made up the processor were now placed on a single piece of
silicon. The size became several thousand times smaller and the speed
became several hundred times faster.

 By combining these two terms i.e. machine invented after 1970


and capable to process binary data is known as ‘Micro
Processor ‘ .
What is a Microprocessor?
Definition:
“The Microprocessor is a
Can perform
multiple tasks
Multipurpose, Can be instructed
Programmable, to perform specific
task
Clock Driven, Store
Form of an Register Based, Intermediate
Processing data
Integrated Digital-Integrated Circuit
circuit (IC)
which accepts binary data as input,
processes it according to instructions stored in its
memory, and provides results as output.”
Basic concepts of Microprocessor/Microcontroller
 Microprocessor is a computer Central Processing Unit (CPU)
on a single chip that contains millions of transistors connected
by wires.

Processor No. of transistors


Intel 8085 6500
Pentium IV 42 million
Core i3 1.4 Billion
Core i7 1.7 Billion
Basic concepts of Microprocessor/Microcontroller

Silicon chip which


Microprocessor
includes ALU, Register
circuits & Control circuits

Microprocessor

Registers

Control
Logic

ALU
Basic concepts of Microprocessor/Microcontroller
 A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to
govern a specific operation in an embedded system. A
typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory and
input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip.

Microcontroller

RAM

Micro
ROM
Processor

I/O
Microprocessor vs Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
It is vital part of computer system. It is vital part of embedded system.
Memory and I/O components are Memory and I/O components are
external to it. internal to it.
Multipurpose device which performs Designed for specific task with fixed
several tasks. input, processing and output.
E.g. Software development, word E.g. Operating a washing machine,
processing, playing games, surfing etc. handling mouse click event etc.
Large Circuit, Not compatible with Smaller Circuit, compatible with
compact systems compact systems
It operates at high speed compared to It operates at comparatively lower
microcontroller. speed than microprocessor.
E.g. Clock speed of latest E.g. Clock speed is measured in MHz.
microprocessor is measured in GHz.
Application: Application:
Desktop PC’s, Laptops, notepads etc. Microwave oven, washing machine,
remote control, Mouse etc.
Microprocessor vs Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
Higher cost Lower Cost
High Power Consumption Low Power Consumption
Mostly don’t have power features Mostly have power features
Complex and Expensive Simple and affordable
Evolution of Microprocessor
 First Generation – 4bit Microprocessors
 Second Generation – 8bit Microprocessor
 Third Generation – 16bit Microprocessor
 Fourth Generation – 32bit Microprocessors
 Fifth Generation – 64bit Microprocessors
Microcomputer

A small computer with a


Microcomputer microprocessor as its CPU.
Includes memory, I/O etc.

Microcomputer

RAM

Micro
Keyboard ROM Display
processor

I/O
Microprocessor, Microcontroller and Microcomputer
Components of Microprocessor
• Brain of the
Small additional
computer.
memory location,
• Performs
which are used to
Arithmetic
Arithmetic store and transfer
and Logical Register
and Logical data.
operations Array
Unit (ALU)

Control Unit

• It controls and executes the flow of data between


the microprocessor, memory and peripherals.
• Signal permits the CPU to receive or transmit
data.
Microprocessor - Binary data
 The microprocessor can only understand binary numbers.
 A binary digit is called a bit (which comes from binary digit).
 The microprocessor recognizes and processes a group of bits
together. This group of bits is called a “word”.
 The number of bits in a Microprocessor’s word, is a measure
of its “abilities”.
Microprocessor - Binary data
 Words and Bytes
 The earliest microprocessor (the Intel 8088 and Motorola’s 6800)
recognized 8-bit words.
 They processed information 8-bits at a time. That’s why they are
called “8-bit processors”.
 They can handle large numbers, but in order to process these
numbers, they broke them into 8-bit pieces and processed each group
of 8-bits separately.
 Later microprocessors (8086 and 68000) were designed with
16-bit words.
 A group of 8-bits were referred to as a “half-word” or “byte”.
 A group of 4 bits is called a “nibble”.
 Also, 32 bit groups were given the name “long word”.
 Today, all processors manipulate at least 32 bits at a time and
there exists microprocessors that can process 64, 80, 128 bits.
System bus
 The network of wires or electronic pathways is known as 'Bus'.
 The technique was developed to reduce costs and improve
modularity.
 Classification
1. Address Bus - Transfer Address

2. Data Bus - Transfer Data

3. Control Bus - Transfer Control Signal


System bus

Input/
CPU Memory Output

Control Bus

Address Bus

Data Bus

System Bus
Address bus

Input/
CPU Memory Output

Control Bus

Address Bus

Data Bus

System Bus
Address bus
 Transfers the addresses of
Memory or I/O devices.
 Address bus is unidirectional.
 The maximum address capacity
is equal to two to the power of
the number of lines present
(2lines).
E.g. 8085 has 16-address lines
 Maximum address capacity
216 = 65536 bytes = 64 KB
Data bus

Input/
CPU Memory Output

Control Bus

Address Bus

Data Bus

System Bus
Data bus
 It is used to transfer data within
Microprocessor and Memory/IO
devices.
 Data Bus is bidirectional as
Microprocessor requires to send
and receive data.
 Each wire of data bus is used to
transfer the data corresponding
to a single bit of binary data.
E.g. 8085 has 8 - data lines.
8085 is known as 8-bit
processor
Control bus

Input/
CPU Memory Output

Control Bus

Address Bus

Data Bus

System Bus
Control bus
 Microprocessor uses control bus
to process data.
i.e. what to do with the selected
memory location.
 Some control signals are Read,
Write and Opcode fetch etc.
 Control Bus is bidirectional.
 This is a dedicated bus, because all
timing signals are generated
according to control signal.
Microprocessor systems with bus organization

Input/Output
Arithmetic
and Register
Logical Array System Bus
Unit (ALU)

Control Unit Memory


ROM RAM
Microprocessor systems with bus organization
 In most simplified form a
microprocessor based system
consist of a Microprocessor,
I/O (Input/Output) device and
Memory.
 These components are
interfaced (connected) with
microprocessor over a
common communication path
called system bus.
 Microprocessor is master of
the system and responsible for
executing the program.
Microprocessor systems with bus organization

 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):


 The area of microprocessor where various computing
functions are performed on data.
 ALU performs different arithmetic and logic operations
(AND, OR, NOT)
Microprocessor systems with bus organization

 Register Array:
 This area consists of various registers identified by letters
such as B, C, D, E, H, and L.
 This registers are used to store data temporarily during
program execution and are accessible to the user through
instruction.
Microprocessor systems with bus organization

 Control Unit (CU):


 CU provides the necessary timing and control signals to
all the operations in the microcomputer.
 It controls the flow of data between the microprocessor
and memory and peripherals.
Microprocessor systems with bus organization

 Memory :
 It stores binary information as instructions and data, and
provides that information to the processor whenever necessary.
 To execute a program, the processor reads instructions and data
from memory and performs the computing operations in its ALU
section.
 Results are either stored to memory or transferred to I/O
devices.
Microprocessor systems with bus organization

 Memory :
 Two types :
 Read/Write Memory (R/WM). Also known as Random
Access Memory(RAM)
 Read-only Memory (ROM)
Microprocessor systems with bus organization

 Memory (ROM):
 Used to store program that do not need alteration.
Microprocessor systems with bus organization

 Memory (RAM):
 It is used to store user programs and data.
 The information stored can be easily read and altered.
Microprocessor systems with bus organization

 Input/Output (I/O):
 It includes two types of devices : Input and Output
 These I/O devices are known as peripherals.
 Example of input device: keyboard, mouse.
 Example of output device: monitor, printer.
Important Questions
 Explain the difference between a microprocessor and a
microcomputer. (2/4)
 How can you determines that Microprocessor is an 8, 16 or 32
bit.(2)
 List and specify the various features of microprocessor,
memory and I/O devices including concepts of system bus.
(4/6)

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