Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction
Introduction
What is Microprocessor?
Microprocessor - the word comes from the combination micro
and processor.
The term ‘Processor’
Processor means a device that processes the input- specifically binary
numbers, 0’s and 1’s.
The ‘process’ means ‘manipulate.’ It is a general term that describes
all manipulation. Again in this content, it means to perform certain
operations on the numbers that depend on the microprocessor’s
design.
What is Microprocessor?
Microprocessor - the word comes from the combination micro
and processor.
The term ‘micro’
Micro is a new addition.
In the late 1960’s, processors were built using discrete elements.
These devices performed the required operation, but were too large
and too slow.
In the early 1970’s the microchip was invented. All of the components
that made up the processor were now placed on a single piece of
silicon. The size became several thousand times smaller and the speed
became several hundred times faster.
Microprocessor
Registers
Control
Logic
ALU
Basic concepts of Microprocessor/Microcontroller
A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to
govern a specific operation in an embedded system. A
typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory and
input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip.
Microcontroller
RAM
Micro
ROM
Processor
I/O
Microprocessor vs Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
It is vital part of computer system. It is vital part of embedded system.
Memory and I/O components are Memory and I/O components are
external to it. internal to it.
Multipurpose device which performs Designed for specific task with fixed
several tasks. input, processing and output.
E.g. Software development, word E.g. Operating a washing machine,
processing, playing games, surfing etc. handling mouse click event etc.
Large Circuit, Not compatible with Smaller Circuit, compatible with
compact systems compact systems
It operates at high speed compared to It operates at comparatively lower
microcontroller. speed than microprocessor.
E.g. Clock speed of latest E.g. Clock speed is measured in MHz.
microprocessor is measured in GHz.
Application: Application:
Desktop PC’s, Laptops, notepads etc. Microwave oven, washing machine,
remote control, Mouse etc.
Microprocessor vs Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
Higher cost Lower Cost
High Power Consumption Low Power Consumption
Mostly don’t have power features Mostly have power features
Complex and Expensive Simple and affordable
Evolution of Microprocessor
First Generation – 4bit Microprocessors
Second Generation – 8bit Microprocessor
Third Generation – 16bit Microprocessor
Fourth Generation – 32bit Microprocessors
Fifth Generation – 64bit Microprocessors
Microcomputer
Microcomputer
RAM
Micro
Keyboard ROM Display
processor
I/O
Microprocessor, Microcontroller and Microcomputer
Components of Microprocessor
• Brain of the
Small additional
computer.
memory location,
• Performs
which are used to
Arithmetic
Arithmetic store and transfer
and Logical Register
and Logical data.
operations Array
Unit (ALU)
Control Unit
Input/
CPU Memory Output
Control Bus
Address Bus
Data Bus
System Bus
Address bus
Input/
CPU Memory Output
Control Bus
Address Bus
Data Bus
System Bus
Address bus
Transfers the addresses of
Memory or I/O devices.
Address bus is unidirectional.
The maximum address capacity
is equal to two to the power of
the number of lines present
(2lines).
E.g. 8085 has 16-address lines
Maximum address capacity
216 = 65536 bytes = 64 KB
Data bus
Input/
CPU Memory Output
Control Bus
Address Bus
Data Bus
System Bus
Data bus
It is used to transfer data within
Microprocessor and Memory/IO
devices.
Data Bus is bidirectional as
Microprocessor requires to send
and receive data.
Each wire of data bus is used to
transfer the data corresponding
to a single bit of binary data.
E.g. 8085 has 8 - data lines.
8085 is known as 8-bit
processor
Control bus
Input/
CPU Memory Output
Control Bus
Address Bus
Data Bus
System Bus
Control bus
Microprocessor uses control bus
to process data.
i.e. what to do with the selected
memory location.
Some control signals are Read,
Write and Opcode fetch etc.
Control Bus is bidirectional.
This is a dedicated bus, because all
timing signals are generated
according to control signal.
Microprocessor systems with bus organization
Input/Output
Arithmetic
and Register
Logical Array System Bus
Unit (ALU)
Register Array:
This area consists of various registers identified by letters
such as B, C, D, E, H, and L.
This registers are used to store data temporarily during
program execution and are accessible to the user through
instruction.
Microprocessor systems with bus organization
Memory :
It stores binary information as instructions and data, and
provides that information to the processor whenever necessary.
To execute a program, the processor reads instructions and data
from memory and performs the computing operations in its ALU
section.
Results are either stored to memory or transferred to I/O
devices.
Microprocessor systems with bus organization
Memory :
Two types :
Read/Write Memory (R/WM). Also known as Random
Access Memory(RAM)
Read-only Memory (ROM)
Microprocessor systems with bus organization
Memory (ROM):
Used to store program that do not need alteration.
Microprocessor systems with bus organization
Memory (RAM):
It is used to store user programs and data.
The information stored can be easily read and altered.
Microprocessor systems with bus organization
Input/Output (I/O):
It includes two types of devices : Input and Output
These I/O devices are known as peripherals.
Example of input device: keyboard, mouse.
Example of output device: monitor, printer.
Important Questions
Explain the difference between a microprocessor and a
microcomputer. (2/4)
How can you determines that Microprocessor is an 8, 16 or 32
bit.(2)
List and specify the various features of microprocessor,
memory and I/O devices including concepts of system bus.
(4/6)