CH: 4 FLUIDS MECHANIC &APPLICATIONS

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 FLUIDS

fluid is a substance that can flow, that does not maintain a

fixed shape, as Gases and liquids.
STATES OF MATTER
Gases Liquids Solids

 have all three  substances, which can  substances which

types of flow. tend to be hard.
motion,  They have all three  They are very close
 Gases expand types of motion and together with no
to fill their  they are close translational or
container together but can slide rotational motion,
 there are no past one another only vibration
intermolecula  They are still not very about fixed points.
r forces acting compressible and  This means they
to keep them have a fixed volume are not very
attracted to but take on the shape compressible and
one another. of the container, yet have a fixed shape,
 They are very may not fill the size, and volume.
compressible, container.
have no fixed
size, shape, or
volume.
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 4) Plasma
Plasma exists only at very high temperatures and
consists of ionized atoms.

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Types of Fluids : Fluids can be classified into seven types. They are:
 Ideal fluid
A fluid is said to be ideal when it cannot be compressed and the viscosity does not fall in the
category of an ideal fluid. It is an imaginary fluid, which does not exist in reality.
 Real fluid
All the fluids are real, as all the fluid possess viscosity.
 Newtonian fluid
When the fluid obeys Newton’s law of viscosity, it is known as a Newtonian fluid.
 Non-Newtonian fluid
When the fluid does not obey Newton’s law of viscosity, it is known as Non-Newtonian fluid.
 Ideal plastic fluid
When the shear stress is proportional to the velocity gradient and shear stress is more than the
yield value, it
is known as ideal plastic fluid.
 Incompressible fluid
When the density of the fluid doesn’t change with the application of external force, it is known
as an incompressible fluid.
 Compressible fluid
When the density of the fluid changes with the application of external force, it is known as
 Properties of Fluids

Any characteristic of a system is called property. The state of a

system is described by its properties. Most common properties of
the fluid are:
Density
Density is the mass per unit volume. Physicists use the Greek letter “rho”, ρ for
density. It express mathematically as:

It measure by kg/m3 in (SI) and g/cm3 in (CGS). It follows that m = ρv and

weight = mg = ρvg.
Temperature does have a slight effect on densities due to expansions and
contractions.
ρ water = 1g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3
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Example 4.1: A cubic meter of gold has a mass of 2 × 104 kg.
Determine the density of gold.
Solution

Example 4.2: What is the density of a block whose dimensions are

2.5 cm, 4.5 cm, 6 cm and whose mass is 100 grams
Solution

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Substance Density (kg/m3)
Solids
Aluminum 2700
Iron and steel 7800
Copper 8900
Bone 1700-2000
Liquids
Water (4 C0) 1000
Mercury 13600
Blood, Plasma 1030
Blood, whole 1050
Gases
Air 1.29
Helium 0.179
Water Steam( 100 C0) 0.598
Carbon dioxide 1.98
 Exercises:
(a) A rectangular metal block with mass 18 kg has dimensions 0.1m
× 0.15m × 0.2m. Calculate the volume of the block and thus its
density.
(b) The density of lead is just over 1 × 104 kg/m3. Find the mass of a
cylindrical rod of length ` = 0.5 m and radius r = 0.02 cm. (The
volume of a cylinder is ( ).
(c) What is the volume of 4 kg of water in liters?
(d) The density of mercury is = 13600 kg/m3, what is the volume of
4 kg of mercury?

(E) A piece of wood has a volume of 115 cm3 and a mass of 98

grams will it float?

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 Ex2: The density of iron is 7700 kg/m3
: Calculate
its relative density ) i (

The mass of a rod of iron 50 cm long and 10 cm )ii(

.in diameter
Ex3: Calculate the mass of

cm3 of water 50 )i(

m3 of water 50 )ii(
mm3 of iron 500)iii(
.mm3 of methanol 500)iv(

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 EXERSICES

Ex1: Calculate the density of gasoline if 51 g occupies 75 cm 3.

Ex2: A flask has a mass of 25 g when empty 75 g when filled with

water and 88 g when filled with glycerin. Calculate the density of
glycerin.

Ex3: The mass of a liter of milk is 1.032 kg. The butterfat it

contains has a density of 865 kgm-3And constitutes 4% of the milk
by volume. What is the density of fat free skimmed milk.

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 Ex: If your mass is 70 kg and the total area of the
soles of your feet is 0.2m2, what pressure would
you exert on the ground.
Solution:
F = mg = 70 × 9.81 = 686.7 N

𝐅 𝟔𝟖𝟔.𝟕
𝐏= = =𝟑𝟒𝟑𝟑.𝟓 𝐩𝐚𝐬
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𝐀 𝟎.𝟐
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 Exercise.
(a) If a pressure gauge measures an increase in 3 × 10 4
Pa on an area of 0.07m2 what is the increase in the force
applied to the area.
(b) Find the pressure produced by a kilogram of lead on
a horizontal surface if the area it rests on is 0.02m2.

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 NOTE: Pressure is the same in every direction in a fluid at
.a given depth; if it were not, the fluid would be in motion

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 Ex: The surface of the water in a storage tank is 30 m above a
water faucet in the kitchen of a house. Calculate the water
pressure at the faucet.

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 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
The atmosphere is defined as the air surrounding the Earth.
The air surrounding us exerts a pressure on us all the time and
in all directions and this air pressure is called atmospheric
pressure.
At sea level Patm =1.013 × 105 N/m2
1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr =1 bar .
NOTES:
 The atmospheric pressure is equivalent to the weight of
an elephant on our shoulders.
 we do not feel it because of the presence of air inside
our bodies.
 The air pressure inside our bodies balances the
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atmospheric pressure outside.
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 GAUGE PRESSURE AND ABSOLUTE
PRESSURE

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 PASCAL’S LAW
"Pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the
pressure throughout by the same amount"

 This is how a hydraulic lift

works.
 Fluid is enclosed in a pipe with
a small area at one end and a
large area at the other.
 Pressure is applied at the end
with the small area.
 That same pressure is
transferred to the end with the
large area.

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 If the area A2 is much larger than the area A1, then a
small force F1 can be applied to create a large force F2
at the output end. This large force can be used to jack
up a car or lift heavy objects.

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APPLICATIONS
All hydraulic systems are built based on Pascal's law, examples,
hydraulic press, hydraulic jack, hydraulic brake and hydraulic
pump.
Ex: hydraulic press an area of its large piston is 1300cm 2 and an
area of its small piston is 26 cm2, if 100 N force applied on small
piston, calculate the product force on large piston.

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 Exercises
Ex1: In the hydraulic press used in a
trash compactor, the radii of the input
Piston and the output plunger are 6.4mm
and 5.1mm, respectively. What force is
applied to the trash when the input force
is 330 N.
Ex2: If in a hydraulic lift, one of the areas
is three times larger than the other and a
force of 15N is applied to the smaller
area, what force will be measured at the
larger area.
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 PRINCIPLE OF ARCHIMEDES
An object immersed in a fluid experiences a buoyant
force in the direction opposite to gravity, of magnitude
equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the body.

There are three alternatives:

1) Weight of displaced liquid is equal to weight of object: the
object is in equilibrium and will not move.
2) Weight of displaced liquid is greater than the weight of
object: the object will rise.
3) Weight of displaced liquid is less than the weight of
object: the object will sink.

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 The buoyant force = weight of fluid displaced
by the cylinder
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Surface tension
It is the attractive force exerted upon the surface molecules of a liquid by the
molecules beneath that tends to draw the surface molecules into the bulk of the
liquid and makes the liquid assume the shape having the least surface area. The
SI unit of Surface Tension is Newton per Meter (N/m). The common unit of
surface tension is dyne/cm.
Mathematically, surface tension can be expressed as follows:

where,
F is the acting force .
L is the length in which force act.
T is the surface tension of the liquid
the cohesive forces between liquid molecules are responsible for
the phenomenon known as surface tension.
the attractive forces are between unlike molecules, they are said
to be adhesive forces.
Liquid Surface Tension T(N/m)

Benzene (20 0C) 0.029

Blood (37 0C) 0.058

Glycerin (20 0C) 0.063

Mercury(20 0C) 0.47

Water(20 0C) 0.073

Water(100 0C) 0.059

 VISCOSITY
It is the internal property of a fluid that means
"resistance to flow".
Poiseuille’s law
Poiseuille studied the flow rate of viscos fluid through a pipe.

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 Factors control how fast fluids can flow through
pipes:
 The pressure difference between the ends of
the pipe
 The length of the pipe.
 The radius of the pipe

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 Typical values of viscosity of some
:fluids

Temperature Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity Air,

Celsius Castor Oil, Water, Micro
Poise[p] centiPoise[cp] Poise[ p]
0 53,00 1,792 171

20 9,86 1,005 181

40 2,31 0,656 190

60 0,80 0,469 200

80 0,30 0,357 209

100 0,17 0,284 218

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