00 YOUR PROFESSOR

TABLE OF
CONTENTS 01 COURSE MODULE 1

PEE6-M
AC 02 COURSE MODULE 2
MACHINERI
ES
03 COURSE MODULE 3

05
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT
ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
PROFILE: Applies OBE as 00 YOUR PROFESSOR
teaching strategy

Handled subjects:
CIRCUITS 1 & 2
MACHINES 1 & 2
TRANSMISSION LINE
SAFETY ENGGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGG
EE LAWS
Thesis Adviser & ENGR. JUN A. TERSA
Panelist – Undergrad and PhDTE – RTU (on going)
Master’s program MEP-ECE - DLSU
BSEE – MAPUA U.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT
ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 COURSE MODULE 3
COURSE
Objectives:
OUTLINE 3
Synchronous 1. Familiarize with the parts
of synchronous motor
Motor – 2. Compare the Operation
with Induction Motor
Construction and 3. Solve sample problems
Dealing with Synchronous
Principle of Motor

Operations
03 COURSE MODULE 3

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
What is a Synchronous Motor?
A synchronous motor (short for synchronous electric motor) is an
AC motor where the rotation of the rotor (or shaft) is
synchronized with the frequency of the supply current. That is,
the rotation period of the rotor is equal to the rotating field of
the machine it is inside of.

Electrical motors are an electro-mechanical device that converts

electrical energy to mechanical energy. Based on the type of
input we have classified it into single phase and 3 phase motors.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

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The most common type of 3 phase motors is synchronous motors and
induction motors. When three-phase electric conductors are placed in
certain geometrical positions (i.e. in a certain angle from one another) –
an electrical field is generated. The rotating magnetic field rotates at a
certain speed known as the synchronous speed.

If an electromagnet is present in this rotating magnetic field, the

electromagnet is magnetically locked with this rotating magnetic field
and rotates at the same speed as the rotating field.

This is where the term synchronous motor comes from, as the speed of
the rotor of the motor is the same as the rotating magnetic field.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
It is a fixed speed motor because it has only one speed, which is
synchronous speed. This speed is synchronised with the supply
frequency. The synchronous speed is given by:

Where:
•N= The Synchronous Speed (in RPM – i.e. Rotations Per Minute)
•f = The Supply Frequency (in Hz)
•p = The number of Poles

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
Construction of Synchronous
Motor Usually, its construction is
almost similar to that of a 3
phase induction motor, except
the fact that here we supply DC
to the rotor, the reason of
which we shall explain later.

Now, let us first go through the

basic construction of this type
of motor. From the above
picture, it is clear that how do
we design this type of machine.
We apply three phase supply to
the stator and DC supply to the
rotor.
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

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Main Features of Synchronous Motors

1. Synchronous motors are inherently not self starting. They

require some external means to bring their speed close to
synchronous speed to before they are synchronized.

2.The speed of operation of is in synchronism with the supply

frequency and hence for constant supply frequency they behave
as constant speed motor irrespective of load condition

3.This motor has the unique characteristics of operating under

any electrical power factor. This makes it being used in
electrical power factor improvement.
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
Methods of Starting of Synchronous Motor
1.Motor starting with an external prime Mover: Synchronous
motors are mechanically coupled with another motor. It could be either
3 phase induction motor or a DC shunt motor. Here, we do not apply
DC excitation initially. It rotates at speed very close to its synchronous
speed, and then we give the DC excitation. After some time when
magnetic locking takes place supply to the external motor is cut off.
2.Damper winding In this case, the synchronous motor is of salient
pole type, the additional winding is placed in the rotor pole face.
Initially, when the rotor is not rotating, the relative speed between
damper winding and rotating air gap flux is large and an emf is induced
in it which produces the required starting torque. As speed approaches
synchronous speed, emf and torque are reduced and finally when
magnetic locking takes place; torque also reduces to zero. Hence, in
this case, the synchronous motor first runs as
three phase induction motor using additional winding and finally it is
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synchronized with the frequency.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT
ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
Working Principle of a Synchronous Motor
The stator and the rotor are the two main parts of the synchronous motor.
The stator is the stationary part of the motor and the rotor is their rotating
part. The stator is excited by the three-phase supply, and the rotor is
excited by the DC supply.

The term excitation means the magnetic field induces in the stator and
rotor of the motor. The main aim of the excitation is to convert the
stator and rotor into an electromagnet.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
The three-phase supply induces the north and south poles on the stator.
The three-phase supply is sinusoidal. The polarity (positive and negative)
of their wave changes after every half cycle and because of this reason,
the north and south pole also varies. Thus, we can say that the rotating
magnetic field develops on the stator.

The magnetic field develops on the rotor because of the DC supply. The
polarity of the DC supply becomes fixed, and thus the stationary
magnetic field develops on the rotor. The term stationary means their
north and south pole remains fixed.

The speed at which the rotating magnetic field rotates is known as

the synchronous speed. The synchronous speed of the motor depends
on the frequency of the supply and the number of poles of the motor.
NS =
120f/P
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT
ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
When the opposite pole of the stator and rotor face each other, the force of
attraction occurs between them. The attraction force develops the torque
in the anti-clockwise direction. The torque is the kind of force that moves
the object in rotation. Thus, the poles of the rotor dragged towards the
poles of the stator.

After every half cycle, the pole on the stator is reversed. The position of
the rotor remains the same because of the inertia. The inertia is the
tendency of an object to remain fixed in one position.

When the like pole of the stator and rotor face each other, the force of
repulsion occurs between them and the torque develops in the clockwise
direction.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
Construction of a Synchronous Motor
Synchronous motor and induction motor are the most widely used types
of AC motor. Construction of a synchronous motor is similar to an
alternator (AC generator). A same synchronous machine can be used as
a synchronous motor or as an alternator. Synchronous motors are
available in a wide range, generally rated between 150kW to 15MW with
speeds ranging from 150 to 1800 rpm.
The construction of a synchronous motor (with
salient pole rotor) is as shown in the figure at left. Just
like any other motor, it consists of a stator and a rotor.
The stator core is constructed with thin silicon
lamination and insulated by a surface coating, to
minimize the eddy current and hysteresis losses. The
stator has axial slots inside, in which three phase stator
winding is placed. The stator is wound with a three
phase winding for a specific number of poles equal to
the rotor poles.
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
The rotor in synchronous motors is mostly of salient pole type. DC
supply is given to the rotor winding via slip-rings. The direct current
excites the rotor winding and creates electromagnetic poles. In some
cases permanent magnets can also be used. The figure above illustrates
the construction of a synchronous motor very briefly.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

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Working Of Synchronous Motor

The stator is wound for the similar number of poles as that of rotor, and fed
with three phase AC supply. The 3 phase AC supply produces
rotating magnetic field in stator. The rotor winding is fed with DC supply
which magnetizes the rotor. Consider a two pole synchronous machine as
shown in figure below.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
•Now, the stator poles are revolving with synchronous speed (lets say
clockwise). If the rotor position is such that, N pole of the rotor is near
the N pole of the stator (as shown in first schematic of above figure),
then the poles of the stator and rotor will repel each other, and
the torque produced will be anticlockwise.

•The stator poles are rotating with synchronous speed, and they rotate
around very fast and interchange their position. But at this very soon,
rotor can not rotate with the same angle (due to inertia), and the next
position will be likely the second schematic in above figure. In this case,
poles of the stator will attract the poles of rotor, and the torque
produced will be clockwise.

•Hence, the rotor will undergo to a rapidly reversing torque, and the
motor will not start.
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

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But, if the rotor is rotated up to the synchronous speed of the stator by
means of an external force (in the direction of revolving field of the
stator), and the rotor field is excited near the synchronous speed, the
poles of stator will keep attracting the opposite poles of the rotor (as the
rotor is also, now, rotating with it and the position of the poles will be
similar throughout the cycle). Now, the rotor will undergo unidirectional
torque. The opposite poles of the stator and rotor will get locked with
each other, and the rotor will rotate at the synchronous speed.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
Characteristic Features Of A Synchronous Motor

•Synchronous motor will run either at synchronous speed or will not run
at all.
•The only way to change its speed is to change its supply frequency. (As
Ns = 120f / P)
•Synchronous motors are not self starting. They need some external
force to bring them near to the synchronous speed.
•They can operate under any power factor, lagging as well as leading.
Hence, synchronous motors can be used for power factor improvement.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
Application Of Synchronous Motor

•As synchronous motor is capable of operating under either leading and

lagging power factor, it can be used for power factor improvement. A
synchronous motor under no-load with leading power factor is
connected in power system where static capacitors can not be used.
•It is used where high power at low speed is required. Such as rolling
mills, chippers, mixers, pumps, pumps, compressor etc.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
Difference between Induction Motor and
Synchronous
BASIS OF DIFFERENCEMotorSYNCHRONOUS MOTOR INDUCTION MOTOR
Type of Excitation A synchronous motor is a An induction motor is a
doubly excited machine. single excited machine.
Speed It always runs at If the load increased the
synchronous speed. The speed of the induction
speed is independent of motor decreases. It is always
load. less than the synchronous
speed.

Speed It always runs at If the load increased the

synchronous speed. The speed of the induction
speed is independent of motor decreases. It is always
load. less than the synchronous
speed.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
Difference between Induction Motor and
Synchronous
BASIS OF DIFFERENCE Motor
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR INDUCTION MOTOR

Starting It is not self starting. It has to Induction motor has self

be run up to synchronous starting torque.
speed by any means before
it can be synchronized to AC
supply.

Operation A synchronous motor can be An induction motor operates

operated with lagging and only at a lagging power
leading power by changing factor. At high loads the
its excitation. power factor becomes very
poor.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
Difference between Induction Motor and
Synchronous
BASIS OF DIFFERENCE Motor
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR INDUCTION MOTOR

Usage It can be used for power An induction motor is used

factor correction in addition for driving mechanical loads
to supplying torque to drive only.
mechanical loads.

Efficiency It is more efficient than an Its efficiency is lesser than

induction motor of the same that of the synchronous
output and voltage rating. motor of the same output
and the voltage rating.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
Difference between Induction Motor and
Synchronous
BASIS OF DIFFERENCE Motor
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR INDUCTION MOTOR

Cost A synchronous motor is An induction motor is

costlier than an induction cheaper than the
motor of the same output synchronous motor of the
and voltage rating same output and voltage
rating.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

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Construction of Synchronous Motors
The construction of a synchronous motor is similar to an Alternator or Synchronous generator. it differs from an asynchronous or
induction motor based on its rotor design.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
Types of Synchronous Motors
The synchronous motor is mainly classified into two categories based on rotor magnetization.
DC Excited Motor
In such synchronous motor, a DC source is used to excite its rotor through a slip ring. The rotor
includes field winding that is magnetized to generate a constant magnetic field that interacts
with the stator RMF.
Non Excited Motor
The rotor of such a synchronous motor does not require external excitation to generate the
magnetic field. Instead, it is made of material that generates its own field such as in a
permanent magnet or with the help of the stator field. Cobalt steel is usually used due to its
high retentivity (material that stores magnetic properties).
Non Excited Motor can be further classified into the types
•Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
•Hysteresis Synchronous Motor
•Reluctance Synchronous Motor
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Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
As the name suggests, the rotor is made of a permanent magnet that generates a
constant magnetic field. There are no windings, slip rings and brushes. The rotor field
locks with the stator RMF and rotates at synchronous speed. Since they are not self-
starting and there are no windings in the rotor, it requires VFD to provide gradual
increases in starting speed.

Hysteresis Synchronous Motor

The rotor of such synchronous motor is made of a material having high hysteresis
loss such as chrome, and cobalt steel. It is a self-starting single-phase motor that
runs at synchronous speed. It has two stator windings i.e. ‘main winding’ and
‘auxiliary winding’ to generate the stator RMF. The cylindrical rotor starts rotation due
to induced Eddy current, thus it starts like an induction motor. Once it achieves near
synchronous speed, the stator RMF locks the rotor into synchronism.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

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Reluctance Synchronous Motor
Such synchronous motor works on the principle of reluctance. Under the influence
of a magnetic field, a ferromagnetic material will move to complete the magnetic
circuit where there is minimum reluctance. Magnetic field lines follow a low
reluctance path just like current follows a low resistance path.
Therefore, a squirrel cage type rotor is used with some teeth removed to form a
salient pole as well as less reluctance path. The stator is similar to the hysteresis
motor having main and auxiliary windings to generate RMF. At startup, the rotor
tries to align with RMF and starts revolving in its direction. But due to rotor inertia,
RMF passes the alignment position and tries again during the next revolution.
Thus the speed gradually increases and eventually reaches the synchronous
speed and magnetically locks with the RMF.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

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Advantages & Disadvantages of Synchronous Motor
Advantages
Here are some advantages of synchronous motor

•It has a constant operating speed called synchronous speed that only depends
on supply frequency and does not vary with any change in load.
•It can operate in lagging, unity and leading power factor by increasing the field
excitation. Thus making it useful for power factor improvement.
•It has a relatively higher efficiency above 90% as compared to the induction
motor.
•They are more cost-effective at a lower speed than an induction motor.

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Disadvantages

Here are some disadvantages of synchronous motor

•Synchronous Motors are inherently not self-starting and require other means to
provide near synchronous starting speed.
•It stalls if the load exceeds beyond breakdown limit.
•It requires an external DC source for its rotor field excitation
•Its speed cannot be varied unless the VFD variable frequency drive is used to
very its supply frequency.
•Hunting occurs in synchronous motor with sudden application of load.
•It requires frequent maintenance due to slip rings and brushes.
•Synchronous motors are generally more complicated and costlier than induction
motors.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
Applications of Synchronous Motor

Here are some applications of synchronous motor.

Constant Speed Application: They are usually used in constant speed

applications where the speed does not vary with increasing load. However, VFD
can be used to adjust its speed according to requirements.

Power Factor Correction: By changing the excitation of the synchronous motor,

the power factor of the electrical circuit can be varied. Such synchronous motor that
is specifically used to improve the power factor is called a synchronous condenser.

Frequency Changer: A synchronous motor is used to run an alternator or

synchronous generator to supply having a different frequency. Such a synchronous
motor is known as a frequency Changer.
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Voltage Regulation: Synchronous motor can act as a variable capacitor or inductor
by varying its excitation. It is used for voltage regulation by controlling the reactive
power in a long transmission line.

Very low-speed Applications: Using very low frequency, synchronous motor can be
used for very low-speed applications with high efficiency.

Positioning: Due to their constant speed, they are used for precise positioning in
robotics just like servo motors.

General Applications: Synchronous motors are widely used where constant speed is
needed. In addition, these kind of motors are used in grinders, pulp beaters, rock
crushers, ball mills, steel mills, metal rolling mills, cement mills, rubber and textile
mills, centrifugal pumps, air compressors, fans, blowers, line shafts, turn tables,
timers, clocks, juicers, tap recorders and players, mixtures, signaling devices,
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SAMPLE PROBLEMS: 1-phase Synchronous motor
1. A 440V single-phase synchronous motor is drawing a line current of 50A at a
power factor of 0.85 leading. Effective armature resistance is 0.2Ω. If this motor
drives a mechanical load of 12 Hp, determine its rotational losses.

2. A 440V, single phase synchronous motor is drawing a line current of 50A at 0.9 pf
lagging. This machine has an armature resistance and reactance of 0.8Ω and 10Ω
respectively. If stray power and excitation losses amount to 500W and 800W
respectively, determine the BHp output of the motor

3. A single-phase synchronous motor gies an output of 9.46kW at 0.9 pf lagging with

600V. If stray power loss is 600W and field loss is 900W, while effective armature
resistance is 0.6Ω, find the efficiency of the synchronous motor.

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS: 3-phase Synchronous Motor

1. A 10 HP, 230V, 3-phase star connected synchronous motor has a

reactance of 3Ω / phase and a negligible resistance. To what voltage
must the motor is excited in order to deliver full load at unity power factor
and 90% efficiency?

2. A 440V single-phase synchronous motor is drawing a line current of 50A

at a power factor of 0.85 leading. Effective armature resistance is 0.2Ω. If
this motor drives a mechanical load of 12Hp, determine its rotational
losses.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
SAMPLE PROBLEMS: 3-phase Synchronous Motor

3. A three-phase, star connected synchronous motor takes 50kW at 660V, the power
factor being 0.8 lagging. This machine has a synchronous reactance of 1 Ω per
phase with a negligible resistance. If the emf is increased by 30%, the power taken
remaining the same, find the new leading pf current.

4. A plant has a load of 1200kW at a power factor of of 0.72 pf lagging. Synchronous

motors with 500kW were connected to improve the power factor to 0.92 pf lagging.
Solve for
a) the kVA input rating
b) the power factor at which this motor will operate

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

All the best on your finals!

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT
ENGR. JUN A. TERESA