CS-2203 Object Oriented

Programming
 Programming in C++

C++ Code Compiler Output

Error Messages
 First Program
• Programs in C++ are written in
blocks
• Every block has name
• The name of monitor block is main
• Every statement is ended with semi-
colon(;)
• Our first program will display a
message on output screen
 Simple Program

• #include<iostream>
• #include<conio>
• int main()
•{
• cout<<"Every age has a language of its
own\n";
• return 0;
•}
 Simple Program
• Now this program will pass through
two phases
1. Compile checking for errors
2. Run The output of program
 Simple Program

• #include<iostream>
• #include<conio>
• int main(){
• cout<<"Every age has a language of its
own\n";
• getch();
• return 0;
•}
 Comments

• #include<iostream>
• #include<conio>//Preprocessor Directive
• int main(){ //start of the function
• cout<<"Every age has a language of its
own\n";
• getch();
• return 0; //Return Control to OS
•}
• #include<iostream>
• Using namespace std;
• int main()
• {
• int base,power,result=1;
• cout<<"Plz enter base --> ";
• cin>>base;
• cout<<"Plz enter power --> ";
• cin>>power;
• for(int i=0;i<power;i++){
• result=result*base;
• cout<<"\nThe result is: "<<result;}
• return 0;
• }
 Nested Loops
• We can use loops inside loop body
• Lot of care is needed in this type of
structure
• First inner loop complete its iteration
and then control shift to outer one,
this process continues till end
• #include<conio>
• #include<iostream>
• int main(){
• for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
• for(int j=0;j<5;j++){
• cout<<"*";
• }
• cout<<"\n";
• }
• getch();
• return 0;
• }
#include<conio>
#include<iostream>
int main(){
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
cout<<"*";
cout<<endl;
}
getch();
return 0;}
#include<conio>
#include<iostream>
int main(){
for(int i=10;i>=0;i--){
for(int j=1;j<=i;j++)
cout<<"*";
cout<<endl;
}
getch();
return 0;
}
 Intro to Functions
• A function is a block of code which only runs when it is called. You can pass data,
known as parameters, into a function. Functions are used to perform certain actions,
and they are important for reusing code: Define the code once, and use it many
times.
 Why functions are imp
• The program may need to repeat the same piece of code at various places or it may
require repeating same task again and again. The program may become very large
and messy if we do not divide it into sub programs (functions). The piece of code
that is executed repeatedly is stored in a separate function, and is called when and
where it is required.
 Types of function
• There are two types of functions
•
1) Library Functions
2) User defined Functions
 Types of function
•
1) Library Functions:
• Library functions are the built-in functions in C++. Programmers can use library
function by invoking function directly. They don’t need to write it by themselves.
•
1) User defined Functions
• C++ allows programmers to define their own functions. A user defined function
group code to perform a specific task and that group of code given a name
(identifier). When the function is invoked from any part of the program, it all
executes the code defined in the body of function.
•
 Library functions
• #include<iostream>
• #include<math.h>
• using namespace std;
•
int main()
• {
• int n ;
•
cout<<" Enter your number you want square";
• cin>> n;
•
cout<<"Sqrt: " <<sqrt(n);
• cout<<"Pow: " <<pow(2, n);
• }
•
 User-defined Functions

return-value-type function-name(parameter-list)
{
declarations and statements
}
• Return-Type: No(void) return or type
• Function-name: Any(identifier rules)
• Parameter: No(void) or no. of
parameters with types
 Simple Function
No Return Name No Parameter

void line(){
for(int i=0;i<45;i++)
cout<<“*”;
cout<<endl;
}
 Using Function
• Three important thing should be in
min when we use functions in main
function
1. Function Definition:
It is just body of function which is
below the main
2. Function declaration
3. Function call
Using Function
Function Declaration

Function Call

Function Definition
 Example code Return
and with return value
• #include<iostream>
• #include<math.h>
• using namespace std;
•
// Function Prototyping // FUnction Declaration
• void sum(int a, int b);
• int sum1(int c, int d);
•
int main()
• {
• sum(10,20); // Function Calling
• cout<<"\n";
• cout<<sum1(100,200); // Function Calling
• }
•
// Function Defination
• void sum(int a, int b)
• {
• int e;
• e = a+b;
• cout<<" sum is : " << e ;
• }
• int sum1(int c, int d)
• {
• return c+d;
• }
•
• #include<iostream>
• void line();
• void hash();
• void dash();
• int main(){
• dash();
• for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
• line();
• dash();
• for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
• hash();
• getch();
• return 0;
• }
• void line(){
• for(int i=0;i<45;i++)
• cout<<"*";
• cout<<endl;
• }
• void hash(){
• for(int i=0;i<45;i++)
• cout<<"#";
• cout<<endl;
• }
• void dash(){
• for(int i=0;i<45;i++)
• cout<<"-";
• cout<<endl;
• }
Passing Values To functions
• We can pass any type of value to
function
• We have to define the data type of
the values
• During function call we send on those
values which a function can accept
Passing Values To functions
 Problem
• Write a program that takes input a number in
main function and passes the number to a
function. The function will display the
factorial of that number.
 solution
• #include<iostream>
• #include<math.h>
• using namespace std;
•
// Function Prototyping // FUnction Declaration
• void fac(int a);
•
int main()
• {
• int f;
• cout<<" Enter the number you want factorial: ";
• cin>>f;
• fac(f); // function calling
• }
•
// Function Defination
• void fac(int a)
• {
• int sum = 1;
• for(int i=1; i<=a; i++)
• {
• sum = sum * i;
•
• }
• cout<<" Factorial is: " << sum <<endl;
•
• }
•
 Problem

Write a function which takes three

integers as parameters and display
the smallest integer
• #include<conio>
• #include<iostream>
• void small(int,int,int );
• int main(){
• small(123,135,140);
• getch();
• return 0;
• }
• void small(int a,int b,int c){
• int small=a;
• if(b<small)
• small=b;
• if(c<small)
• small=c;
• cout<<"Samll is:"<<small<<endl;
• }
Functions With Return Value
• Function can return a value to the
calling function
• Use keyword return for this purpose
• We have to define the data type of
value returned by the function
• Function can return only one value
• #include<conio>
• #include<iostream>
• int add(int,int,int,int);
• int main(){
• add(2,2,2,2);
• int c;
• c=add(2,2,2,2);
• cout<<"Add is:"<<c<<endl;
• cout<<"Add is:"<<add(3,3,3,3);
• getch();
• return 0;
• }
• int add(int a,int b,int c,int d){
• int sum=a+b+c+d;
• return sum;
• }
 Scope of Variable
• Scope mean visibility

• A variable declared inside a block

has visibility within that block only

• Variables defined within the function

has a scope that is function wide
 Visibility of Identifiers
• Global Scope Anything identified
or declared outside of any function is
visible to all functions in that file
• Function level scope Declaring
variables inside a function can be
used in the whole function
• Block level scope Variables or
integers declared inside block are
used inside block
Global Variable

Local Variable
 Default Arguments
• Function call commonly pass a
particular value of an argument
• Programmer can provide default
value for that argument
• When that argument is omitted in
program the compiler use the default
value
#include<conio>
#include<iostream>
int add(int a,int b,int c=0,int d=0,int e=0){
return a+b+c+d+e;
}
int main(){
cout<<"\nCall with two arguments:"<<add(4,5);
cout<<"\nCall with three arguments:"<<add(4,5,6);
cout<<"\nCall with four arguments:"<<add(2,3,4,5);
cout<<"\nCall with five arguments:"<<add(1,3,4,3,3);
getch();
return 0;
}
 Problem

Write a function ‘sum’ to add the

values for three variables and store
the result in another variable.
Function will take 3 arguments as
default. Call the function in main with
1, 2 and then 3 variables.
 Function Overloading
• Defining function with one name and
different arguments is called function
overloading
• Function is identified with its
name ,no of arguments and their
type
• Compiler calls appropriate function
according to the function call
#include<conio>
#include<iostream>
int add(int,int);
float add(float,float);
int add(int,int,int);
int main(){
float x=3.5,y=5.6;
cout<<"\nCall with integer:"<<add(4,5);
cout<<"\nCall with floats:"<<add(x,y);
cout<<"\nCall with 3 arguments:"<<add(2,3,4);
getch();
return 0;
}
• int add(int a,int b){ return a+b; }
• float add(float a,float b){ return a+b; }
• int add(int a,int b,int c){ return a+b+c; }
Call by Value in C++
 Call by Value

Problem: Write a function which take

two value as argument and then
swap the values.
• #include<conio>
• #include<iostream>
• void swap(int,int);
• int main(){
• int x=7,y=9;
• swap(x,y);
• cout<<"\n x is:"<<x<<" y is:"<<y;
• getch();
• return 0;
• }
• void swap(int a,int b){
• int temp=a;
• a=b;
• b=temp;
•}
 Call by reference
• We also can pass the value by
reference
• In this case we pass the address of
the variable rather than value
• We use & operator for this purpose
• To call by reference we cannot pass
value, we have to pass memory
address of variable
 Swap Function with reference
• #include<iostream>
• using namespace std;
•
• void swap(int *x, int *y)
• {
• int temp;
•
• temp = *x;
• *x = *y;
• *y = temp;
• }
•
• int main()
• {
• int a,b;
• cout<<"Enter the first and second digit: " <<endl;
• cin>>a>>b;
•
• cout<<" Before swapping " << a << " " << b <<endl;
•
• swap(&a,&b);
•
• cout<<" After swapping " << a << " " << b <<endl;
• }
 Pass an array into function
• #include<iostream>
• using namespace std;
•
function(int adata[5])
• {
• int sum =0;
• for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
• {
•
• sum = sum + adata[i];
• }
• cout<<sum;
•
• }
• int main()
• {
• int arrayprint[5];
•
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
• {
• cout<<" Enter numebrs: ";
• cin>> arrayprint[i];
• cout<<"\n";
• }
•
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
• {
• cout<<" Your numebrs: ";
• cout<< arrayprint[i];
• cout<<"\n";
• }
•

function(arrayprint);
• }
•
 Pass an multi dimension
array into function
• #include<iostream>
• using namespace std;
•
function(int adata[2][2], int adata2[2][2])
• {
• int adata3[2][2];
•
int sum =0;
• for(int i=0; i<2; i++)
• {
• for(int j=0; j<2; j++)
• {
• adata3[i][j] = adata[i][j] + adata2[i][j];
•
cout<< " " << adata3[i][j] << " ";
• }
• cout<<"\n";
• }
• cout<<sum;
•
• }
• int main()
• {
• int arrayprint[2][2], arrayprint2[2][2];
•
for(int i=0; i<2; i++)
• {
• for(int j=0; j<2; j++)
• {
• cout<<" Enter numebrs: ";
• cin>> arrayprint[i][j];
• }
• cout<<"\n";
• }
•
for(int i=0; i<2; i++)
• {
• for(int j=0; j<2; j++)
• {
• cout<<" Enter numebrs: ";
• cin>> arrayprint2[i][j];
• }
• cout<<"\n";
• }
•
function(arrayprint, arrayprint2);
• }
•
 Function Template
• A template is a simple yet very
powerful tool in C++. The simple
idea is to pass data type as a
parameter so that we don’t need to
write the same code for different
data types
 Example
• #include<iostream>
• using namespace std;
•
// Function Template.
•
template <typename T>
• T sum(T x,T y)
• {
• return x+y;
• }
•
int main()
• {
• int res = sum <int> (10,20);
• float res2 = sum <float> (10.10,20.20);
• cout<< res;
• cout<<endl;
• cout<< res2;
•
• }
 Header File
• #include <iostream.h>

• Header file consist of function

prototypes and some other directives

• Function prototypes like:

• int add(int,int);
• int multiply(int,int);
 main.cpp
• #include<iostream>
• #include “b.h"
• using namespace std;
•
// Function Template.
•
int main()
• {
• cout<< sum(10,20);
•
• }
 b.h
• int sum(int a, int b)
•{
• return a+b;
•}
Inline Functions
 Introduction
• C++ inline function is a powerful concept that is
commonly used with classes. If a function is inline, the
compiler places a copy of the code of that function at
each point where the function is called at compile time.
 How to make function inline:
• To make any function as inline, start its definitions with
the keyword “inline”.

inline int add(int a, int b)

{
return (a + b);
};
 Inline Functions
• #include <iostream>
•
• using namespace std;
•
• inline int Max(int x, int y) {
• if(x>y)
• return x;
• else if(y>x)
• return y;}
•
• // Main function for the program
• int main() {
• cout << "Max (20,10): " <<
Max(20,10) << endl;
• cout << "Max (0,200): " <<
Max(0,200) << endl;
• cout << "Max (100,1010): " <<
Max(100,1010) << endl;
•
• return 0;
• }
•
 Inline Functions

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces

the following result −
Max (20,10): 20
Max (0,200): 200
Max (100,1010): 1010
 #define
• double const pi=3.1415926; can be
written as:
• #define pi 3.1415926
• #define COUNT 10
• Name can be used inside a program
exactly like a variable
• It cannot be used as a variable
 OOP
Object-oriented programming is an approach or
a programming pattern where the programs are structured
around objects rather than functions

It makes the data partitioned into two memory areas, i.e.,

data and functions, and helps make the code flexible and
modular.
 Why we need to study OOP

Re-usability
Code Maintenance
Security
Problem-solving
Difference between classes
and structures
• Technically speaking, structs and classes are almost
equivalent
• The major difference like class provides the flexibility of
combining data and methods (functions ) and it provides
the re-usability called inheritance.
• A class has all members private by default. A struct is a
class where members are public by default