ENGINEERING MATH 0

CODE: 4056
 TOPICS
1. Algebra
a) Set theory
b) Real Numbers
c) Algebraic Expressions and Operations
d) Equations and Inequalities
e) Roots and Powers
f) Linear, Quadratic and Polynomial Functions
g) Factoring
h) Roots of Algebraic Equations
i) System of Equations
j) Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
k) Arithmetic and Geometric Progressions
SET THEORY - is a branch of mathematical logic where we learn sets
and their properties.

SET - is a collection of objects or groups of objects

- Sets are what we use for reasoning about unordered collections
of objects, ignoring repetition.
Eg;
{1,2} and {2,1} the same set, ignoring repetition means that
{1,1}={1}
a∈X to mean that a is an element or member of the set X
a∉X to mean that a is not an element or member of X
 - sets can be represented in 2 ways
a) ROSTER FORM OR TABULAR FORM - In roster form, all the elements
of the set are listed, separated by commas and enclosed between curly
braces { }.
{ 54321} = { 12345} { 5532221} = { 1235}
b) SET BUILDER FORM - all the elements have a common property.
This property is not applicable to the objects that do not belong to the set.
Eg;
S={ x: x is an even prime number}
• where ‘x’ is a symbolic representation that is used to describe the element.
• ‘:’ ‘|’ means ‘such that’
• ‘{}’ means ‘the set of all’
TYPES OF SETS
• Finite set: The number of elements is finite {}
• Infinite set: The number of elements are infinite
• Empty set: It has no elements ∅ or {}
• Singleton set: It has one only element
• Equal set: Two sets are equal if they have same elements
• Equivalent set: Two sets are equivalent if they have same number of
elements
• Power set: A set of every possible subset.
• Universal set: Any set that contains all the sets under consideration.
• Subset: When all the elements of set A belong to set B, then A is subset of
B
Venn Diagram - is an illustration that uses overlapping circles to show
the logical relationship between two or more sets of items.
• Circles that overlap have a Venn Diagram Symbols
commonality, while circles
that do not overlap do not
share any of the other circles'
traits.
• The Venn diagram was
popularized by John Venn in
the 1880s.
 Example
An engineering professor conducted a survey regarding the favorite
subjects of the students. The following data were gathered: 60
students like the subject algebra, 50 like the subject calculus, and 45
like the subject physics. Thirty students like both algebra and calculus
subjects, 25 students like both calculus and physics subjects, and 20
students like both algebra and physics subjects. Only 15 students like
all the 3 subjects. How many students were surveyed?
 Special Products and Factoring

A special product is a product of

two binomials that hold a
predictable pattern.
Expand the following using FOIL method
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Special products allow us to expand expressions without using the
FOIL method. Applying special products enables us to factorize
polynomials more efficiently.
The table below summarises the important formulas for special
products.
1. Difference between two squares
2. Perfect square trinomials
3. Sum and Difference of 2 cubes
 Sum and Difference Formula
The general formula for the sum and difference of two terms is

The pattern gives us the difference between the two squares.

 Example
1.

2.
 Square of a Binomial Pattern
A perfect square is an integer that is a square of an integer.

A trinomial is a polynomial of three terms.

A binomial is a polynomial of two terms.

A perfect square trinomial is a trinomial that can be written as a

square of a binomial such as the two cases above.
 Example
1.

2.
 Sum and Difference of Two Cubes
To factorize the sum of two cubes, we can do so by applying the general
formula below:
 Example
1.

2.

3.
 Linear Equations in One Unknown
The linear equations in one variable is an equation which
is expressed in the form of ax+b = 0,
Where,
a and b are two integers
x is a variable and has only one solution.

For example, 2x+3=8 is a linear equation having a single

variable in it.
 Solving The Equation
For solving an equation having only one variable, the following steps
are followed:
Step 1: Using LCM, clear the fractions if any.
Step 2: Simplify both sides of the equation.
Step 3: Isolate the variable.
Step 4: Verify your answer
BOARDWORK!!!
 Worded Problems involving Linear
Equations with One Variable
• Add • Subtract
• Sum—as in the sum of 2, 3, and 6 … • Difference—as in what is the difference
between …
• Total—as in the total of the first six
• Fewer—as in there were fifteen fewer men
payments … than women …
• Addition—as in a recipe calls for the • Remainder—as in how many are left or what
addition of five pints … quantity remains …
• Plus—as in three liters plus two liters … • Less than—as in a number is five less than
• Increase—as in her pay was increased another number …
by $15 … • Reduced—as in the budget was reduced by
• More than—as in this week the $5,000 …
enrollment was eight more than last • Decreased—as in if he decreased the speed
of his car by ten miles per hour …
week …
• Minus—as in some number minus 9 is …
• Added to—as in if you added $3 to the
cost …
• Multiply • Divide
• Product—as in the product of 8 and • Quotient—as in the final
5 is …
quotient is …
• Of—as in one‐half of the group …
• Times—as in five times as many
• Divided by—as in some
girls as boys … number divided by 12 is …
• At—as in the cost of ten yards of • Divided into—as in the group
material at 70¢ a yard is … was divided into …
• Total—as in if you spend $15 a • Ratio—as in what is the ratio
week on gas, what is the total for a of …
three‐week period …
• Twice—as in twice the value • Half—as in half the profits
of some number … are … (dividing by 2)
 RECITATION!!! 1-7
What number increased by ¼ of itself is equal to 30?

Find a number such that ¼ of the number is 50 less than 2/3 of the
number.
1. Separate 84 into two parts such that one part will be 12 less than twice the other.
2. The difference between two numbers is 24. Find the numbers if their sum is 88.
3. One number is 3 times another number. If 17 is added to each, the first resulting
number is twice the second resulting number. Find the two numbers.
4. The larger of two numbers is 1 less than 3 times the smaller. If 3 times the larger is
5 more than 8 times the smaller, find the numbers.
5. The second of three numbers is one less than the first. The third number is 5 less
than twice the second. If the third number exceeds the first number by 12, find the
three numbers.
6. One number is 4 more than 5 times another number. If 6 is added to each, the first
resulting number is three times the second resulting number. Find the two
numbers.
7. When you started your homework assignment, your friend already had 6 exercises
done. You can do about 3 exercises per minute, whereas your friend can only do 2
exercises per minute. How many minutes will it take you to catch up to your friend.
 System of Linear Equations
A system of linear equations consists of two or more
linear equations made up of two or more variables such
that all equations in the system are considered
simultaneously. To find the unique solution to a system of
linear equations, we must find a numerical value for each
variable in the system that will satisfy all equations in the
system at the same time. In order for a linear system to
have a unique solution, there must be at least as many
equations as there are variables.
The solution to a system of linear equations in two
variables is any ordered pair that satisfies each equation
independently.

In solving for the solution of Systems of Linear Equation

the following methods are used:
1. Elimination Method
2. Substitution Method
3. Solving Two Linear Equations Involving Fractions
4. Systems of Linear Equations in Three Unknowns
 Elimination Method
Solving simultaneous equations by elimination involves the
following steps:
1. Multiply either or, if necessary, both of the given equations by
properly chosen numbers to obtain equations having the
coefficients of one variable equal in absolute value.
2. Subtract one equation from the other if these like coefficients
have the same sign. Add the equations if these coefficients have
different signs.
3. Solve the resulting equation in one unknown
4. Substitute the value thus obtained in either of the given equations
to obtain the value of the other unknown
5. Check the values obtained by substituting them in both equations
Sample Problem
Solve for the values of x
and y
 Substitution Method
Solving systems of linear equations in two unknowns by substitution
involves the following steps:
1. Express one of the unknown quantities in terms of the other in one
of the equations
2. Substitute the result in the other equation and solve the resulting
equation in one unknown
3. Substitute the value thus obtained in one of the given equations
4. Check the values obtained by substituting them in both equations
Sample Problem
Solve for the values of x
and y
 Solving Two Linear Equations
Involving Fractions
System of linear equations containing fractions with numerical
denominators can be solved by first clearing the equations of fractions
and then solving by any of the methods previously discussed.
Simultaneous equations having fractions with variables in the
denominators may be solved without clearing the equations
Sample Problem
Solve for the values of x
and y
Sample Problem
Solve for the values of x
and y
 Systems of Linear Equations in
Three Unknowns
To solve system of linear equations in three unknowns, perform the following
steps:
1. Choose a pair of equations from the three equations and eliminate one of
the variables from the pair, say x, to obtain an equation in two variables.
2. Choose another pair of equations and eliminate the same unknown to
obtain a second equation in the same two variables.
3. Solve the two resulting equations for the two variables.
4. Substitute the values obtained in any one of the original equations, and
solve for the third variable
5. Check the solution by substituting the values obtained in three equations
Sample Problem
Solve for the values of x
and y
Solving Systems of Linear Equations
using Determinants
1. Two Unknown
2. Three or more Unknowns
 Determinants
A determinant is a square array of numerals enclosed by vertical
bars.

The numbers , , and are called the entries (elements) of the

determinant.
The value of the determinant of order two is defined as
.
It is obtained by subtracting the product of the entries on the
secondary (ascending) diagonal (from the lower left to the upper
right) from the product of the entries on the principal (descending)
diagonal (from the upper left to the lower right)
Consider the solution of the pair of general equations.

For x and y in terms of the coefficients. This can be written in

determinant form
Note that the system of linear equations has a solution that is
unique if the determinant D is not equal for zero, Thus,

This equations are referred to as Cramer’s Rule. In honor of the

Swiss mathematician Gabriel Cramer.
Solve the System Using
Determinants
 Three or More Unknowns
Cramer’s Rule can be applied to systems of n linear equations
involving n variables, provided that the determinant D of the
coefficients is not zero. If D=0 and the determinants in the
numerators of x and y are not equal to zero, then the system
contains dependent equations. If D=0 and the determinants in the
numerators of x and y are also zero, then the system contains
inconsistent equations.
Consider the following systems:

The values of the unknowns are given by , y, and

z, D≠0 and;
y
 Determinants of n-Unknowns
The determinants of order three are expanded as follows:
1. Write the first two columns after the third column.
2. Take the product of the entries along each diagonal arrows as
shown below
3. Subtract the products found in the ascending arrows from the
products found in the descending arrows. The difference gives the
determinant D.
Solve the system using
determinants.
 Quadratic Equations in One
Unknown
1. Factoring
2. Completing the Square
3. Quadratic Formula
4. Discriminant of the Quadratic Equation
 Factoring
To solve a quadratic equation by factoring, perform the following
steps:
1. Transpose all terms to the left side of the equation and equate
the resulting expression to zero. This results in a quadratic
equation in the standard form
2. Factor the left member of the equation.
3. Form two linear equations by equating each factor to zero
4. Solve for the unknown to obtain the required roots
 Completing the Square
The following are the steps in solving a quadratic equation of the for
by completing the square:
1. Transpose the constant term to the right side of the equation.
2. Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of
3. Add the square of one-half of the coefficient of x to both sides of
the equation to make the left member a perfect square trinomial.
4. Factor the left side of the equation and simplify the right side.
5. Extract the square root of both sides of the equation. Note that a
number has a positive and a negative square root.
6. Solve for the unknown to obtain the required roots.
Quadratic Formula
Relations Between the Roots and Coefficient
The two roots of any quadratic equation are

If and only if their sum is negative of the quotient of the coefficient of x

divided by the coefficient of , and their product is the quotient of the
constant term divided by the coefficient of .
1. One of the roots of

is
Find the other root and the value of k.
2. Find a quadratic equation whose roots are
 Discriminant of the Quadratic
Equation
The discriminant of the quadratic equation is the value of the number
, which is the expression under the radical sign in the quadratic
formula. Discriminant can be used to determine the nature of roots of
the quadratic equation. The relations between the discriminant and the
roots of a quadratic equation are as follows:
If , then the quadratic equation has two real and unequal roots
If , then the quadratic equation only one real root
If then the roots of the quadratic equation are complex conjugates
Describe the nature of the roots
Logarithm and Exponential
Functions