UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF AIT - CSE

Bachelor of Engineering (CSE)
SOFT COMPUTING (22CSH-345 )
By: Ms. Aarti (E15380)

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 Course Objectives
To introduce soft computing concepts and techniques of artificial neural networks,
fuzzy sets, fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms

To understand the various techniques from the application point of view.

To analyze various soft computing techniques and decide the technique to be used in
a particular problem situation.

To implement soft computing based solutions for real-world problems

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 Course Outcomes
CO Identify and describe soft computing techniques and 1
1 their roles in building intelligent. Machines
CO Recognize the feasibility of applying a soft 2,4
2 computing methodology for a particular problem.
CO Apply fuzzy logic and reasoning to handle 3
3 uncertainty and solve engineering problems, genetic
algorithms to combinatorial optimization problems
and neural networks to pattern classification and
regression problems.
CO Effectively use modern software tools to solve real 3
4 problems using a soft computing approach.
CO Evaluate various soft computing approaches for a 4 3
 Syllabus
Conta
Unit-3 Advanced Theories
ct
Hours
:15

Fuzzy Logic Fuzzy Set theory, Fuzzy versus Crisp set, Fuzzy Relation,
Fuzzification, Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy Systems Fuzzy Rule based systems, Predicate logic, Fuzzy

Decision Making Fuzzy Control Systems, Fuzzy
Classification., Minmax Composition, Defuzzification
Method.

Genetic History of Genetic Algorithms (GA), Fundamentals of

Algorithms Genetic Algorithms, Encoding, Operators of Genetic
Algorithm, Basic Genetic Algorithm.
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Fuzzy Logic | Introduction
The term fuzzy refers to things that are not clear or are vague. In the real world many times we
encounter a situation when we can’t determine whether the state is true or false, their fuzzy logic
provides very valuable flexibility for reasoning. In this way, we can consider the inaccuracies and
uncertainties of any situation.

Fuzzy Logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth values of variables may be any real
number between 0 and 1, instead of just the traditional values of true or false. It is used to deal
with imprecise or uncertain information and is a mathematical method for representing
vagueness and uncertainty in decision-making.

Fuzzy Logic is based on the idea that in many cases, the concept of true or false is too restrictive,
and that there are many shades of gray in between. It allows for partial truths, where a statement
can be partially true or false, rather than fully true or false.

Fuzzy Logic is used in a wide range of applications, such as control systems, image processing,
natural language processing, medical diagnosis, and artificial intelligence.
The fundamental concept of Fuzzy Logic is the membership function, which defines the degree
of membership of an input value to a certain set or category. The membership function is a
mapping from an input value to a membership degree between 0 and 1, where 0 represents
non-membership and 1 represents full membership.

Fuzzy Logic is implemented using Fuzzy Rules, which are if-then statements that express the
relationship between input variables and output variables in a fuzzy way. The output of a Fuzzy
Logic system is a fuzzy set, which is a set of membership degrees for each possible output
value.
Fuzzy Logic is a mathematical method for representing vagueness and uncertainty in
decision-making, it allows for partial truths, and it is used in a wide range of applications.
It is based on the concept of membership function and the implementation is done using
Fuzzy rules.

In the boolean system truth value, 1.0 represents the absolute truth value and 0.0
represents the absolute false value. But in the fuzzy system, there is no logic for the
absolute truth and absolute false value. But in fuzzy logic, there is an intermediate value
too present which is partially true and partially false.
ARCHITECTURE

Its Architecture contains four parts :

RULE BASE: It contains the set of rules and the IF-THEN conditions provided by the experts to govern the
decision-making system, on the basis of linguistic information. Recent developments in fuzzy theory offer
several effective methods for the design and tuning of fuzzy controllers. Most of these developments
reduce the number of fuzzy rules.
FUZZIFICATION: It is used to convert inputs i.e. crisp numbers into fuzzy sets. Crisp inputs are basically the
exact inputs measured by sensors and passed into the control system for processing, such as
temperature, pressure, rpm’s, etc.
INFERENCE ENGINE: It determines the matching degree of the current fuzzy input with respect to each
rule and decides which rules are to be fired according to the input field. Next, the fired rules are
combined to form the control actions.
DEFUZZIFICATION: It is used to convert the fuzzy sets obtained by the inference engine into a crisp value.
There are several defuzzification methods available and the best-suited one is used with a specific expert
system to reduce the error.
Membership function

Definition: A graph that defines how each point in the input

space is mapped to membership value between 0 and 1.
Input space is often referred to as the universe of discourse
or universal set (u), which contains all the possible elements
of concern in each particular application.

There are largely three types of fuzzifiers:

Singleton fuzzifier
Gaussian fuzzifier
Trapezoidal or triangular fuzzifier
What is Fuzzy Control?

It is a technique to embody human-like thinkings into a control

system.
It may not be designed to give accurate reasoning but it is designed
to give acceptable reasoning.
It can emulate human deductive thinking, that is, the process people
use to infer conclusions from what they know.
Any uncertainties can be easily dealt with the help of fuzzy logic.
Advantages of Fuzzy Logic System

This system can work with any type of inputs whether it is imprecise, distorted or
noisy input information.
The construction of Fuzzy Logic Systems is easy and understandable.
Fuzzy logic comes with mathematical concepts of set theory and the reasoning
of that is quite simple.
It provides a very efficient solution to complex problems in all fields of life as it
resembles human reasoning and decision-making.
The algorithms can be described with little data, so little memory is required.
Disadvantages of Fuzzy Logic Systems

Many researchers proposed different ways to solve a given problem

through fuzzy logic which leads to ambiguity. There is no systematic
approach to solve a given problem through fuzzy logic.
Proof of its characteristics is difficult or impossible in most cases because
every time we do not get a mathematical description of our approach.
As fuzzy logic works on precise as well as imprecise data so most of the time
accuracy is compromised.
Application

It is used in the aerospace field for altitude control of spacecraft and satellites.
It has been used in the automotive system for speed control, traffic control.
It is used for decision-making support systems and personal evaluation in the
Application
large company business. •It is used in the aerospace field for altitude control
It has application in the
of chemical
spacecraftindustry for controlling the pH, drying,
and satellites.
chemical distillation process.
•It has been used in the automotive system for
speed control, traffic control.
Fuzzy logic is used in Natural language
•It is used processing and
for decision-making various
support intensive
systems
applications in Artificial
andIntelligence.
personal evaluation in the large company
Fuzzy logic is extensively used in modern control systems such as expert
business.
•It has application in the chemical industry for
systems. controlling the pH, drying, chemical distillation
Fuzzy Logic is used with Neural Networks as it mimics how a person would make
process.
decisions, only much faster.
•Fuzzy It is done
logic byinAggregation
is used of data
Natural language and changing it
processing
and various intensive applications in Artificial
into more meaningfulIntelligence.
data by forming partial truths as Fuzzy sets.
•Fuzzy logic is extensively used in modern control
systems such as expert systems.
 • TEXT BOOKS
T1. Timothy J. Ross, “Fuzzy Logic with Engineering
Applications”.
T2. S.N.Sivanandam, S.N Deepa, “Principles of Soft
Computing”
T3. Lofti Zadeh “Fuzzy Logic and Soft Computing”
Word Scientific, 1995.

Referen T4 Samir Roy,Udit Chakraborty, “Introduction to

Soft Computing:Neuro-Fuzzy and Genetic
Algorithms”, Pearson.
ces • REFERENCE BOOKS

R1. Bart Kosko, “Neural Network and Fuzzy

Systems: A Dynamic System Approach to
Machine” Prentice-Hall 1998

R2. Fausett, “Fundamentals of Neural Networks:

Architectures, Algorithms, and Applications”,
Prentice-Hall, 1994
R3. Jack M. Zurada, “Introduction to Artificial Neural
Systems”, PWS Publishing Co., Boston, 2000.
R4. J S R Jang, “Neuro-Fuzzy & Soft Computing,”,
Pearson.
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THANK YOU

For Queries:
[email protected]

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