1

Introduction to
Computing and
Programming

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

3rd Edition

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 1

 Part II

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 2

 Types of Applications Developed
with C#
• Web applications

• Windows graphical user interface (GUI)

applications
• Console-based applications

• Class libraries and stand-alone components (.dlls),

smart device applications, and services can also be
created
C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 3
 Web Applications

Figure 1-14 Web application written using C#

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 4
 Web Applications (continued)
• C# was designed with the Internet applications in
mind
• Can quickly build applications that run on the Web
with C#
– Using Web Forms: part of ASP.NET

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 5

 Windows Applications
• Applications designed for the desktop
• Designed for a single platform
• Use classes from System.Windows.Form
• Applications can include menus, pictures, drop-
down controls, buttons, text boxes, and labels
• Use drag-and-drop feature of Visual Studio

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 6

 Windows Applications (continued)

Figure 1-15 Windows application written using C#

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 7
 Console Applications
• Normally send requests to the operating system
• Display text on the command console
• Easiest to create
– Simplest approach to learning software
development
– Minimal overhead for input and output of data

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 8

 Exploring the First C# Program
From Example 1-1
line 1 // This is traditionally the first program written.
Comments
in green
line 2 using System;
line 3 namespace HelloWorldProgram Keywords in
line 4 { blue
line 5 class HelloWorld
line 6 {
line 7 static void Main( )
line 8 {
line 9 Console.WriteLine(“Hello World!”);
line 10 }
line 11 }
line 12 }
C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 9
Output from the First C# Program

Console-based
application
output

Figure 1-16 Output from Example 1-1 console application

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 10

 Elements of a C# Program
• Comments
– line 1 // This is traditionally the first program
written.
– Like making a note to yourself or readers of your
program
– Not considered instructions to the computer
– Not checked for rule violations
– Document what the program statements are doing

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 11

 Comments

• Make the code more readable

• Three types of commenting syntax

– Inline comments

– Multiline comments

– XML documentation comments

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 12

 Inline Comments
• Indicated by two forward slashes (//)
• Considered a one-line comment
• Everything to the right of the slashes ignored by
the compiler
• Carriage return (Enter) ends the comment

// This is traditionally the first program written.

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 13

 Multiline Comment
• Forward slash followed by an asterisk (/*) marks
the beginning
• Opposite pattern (*/) marks the end
• Also called block comments
/* This is the beginning of a block multiline comment. It can go on for
several lines or just be on a single line. No additional symbols are
needed after the beginning two characters. Notice there is no space
placed between the two characters. To end the comment, use the
following symbols. */

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 14

 XML Documentation Comments
• Extensible Markup Language (XML)
– Markup language that provides a format for describing
data using tags
– Similar to HTML tags
• Three forward slashes (///) mark beginning
• Advanced documentation technique used for XML-
style comments
• Compiler generates XML documentation from them

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 15

 using Directive
• Permits use of classes found in specific
namespaces without having to qualify them
• Framework class library
– Over 2,000 classes included

• Syntax
– using namespaceIdentifier;

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 16

 Namespace
• Namespaces provide scope for the names defined
within the group
– Captain example
• Groups semantically related types under a single
umbrella
• System: most important and frequently used
namespace
• Can define your own namespace
– Each namespace enclosed in curly braces: { }
C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 17
 Namespace (continued)
Predefined namespace
(System) – part
From Example 1-1 of .NET FCL

line 1 // This is traditionally the first program written.

line 2 using System;
line 3 namespace HelloWorldProgram
line 4 {
User-defined
namespace
line 12 } Body of user-
defined namespace

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 18

 Class Definition
• Building block of object-oriented program
• Everything in C# is designed around a class
• Every program must have at least one class
• Classes define a category, or type, of object

• Every class is named

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 19

 Class Definition (continued)
line 1 // This is traditionally the first program written.
line 2 using System;
line 3 namespace HelloWorldProgram
line 4 {
line 5 class HelloWorld
line 6 {
User-defined
line 11 } class
line 12 }

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 20

 Class Definition (continued)
• Define class members within curly braces
– Include data members
• Stores values associated with the state of the class
– Include method members
• Performs some behavior of the class
• Can call predefined classes’ methods
– Main( )

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 21

 Main( ) Method
• “Entry point” for all applications
– Where the program begins execution
– Execution ends after last statement in Main( )

• Can be placed anywhere inside the class definition

• Applications must have one Main( ) method
• Begins with uppercase character

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 22

 Main( ) Method Heading

line 7 static void Main( )

– Begins with the keyword static
– Second keyword → return type
• void signifies no value returned
– Name of the method
• Main is the name of Main( ) method
– Parentheses “( )” used for arguments
• No arguments for Main( ) – empty parentheses

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 23

 Method Body − Statements
• Enclosed in curly braces
– Example Main( ) method body
line 7 static void Main( )
line 8 {
line 9 Console.WriteLine(“Hello World!”);
line 10 }
• Includes program statements
– Calls to other method
• Here Main( ) calling WriteLine( ) method

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 24

 Method Calls
line 9 Console.WriteLine(“Hello World!”);

• Program statements
• WriteLine( ) → member of the Console class
• Main( ) invoking WriteLine( ) method
• Member of Console class
• Method call ends in semicolon

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 25

 Program Statements
• Write ( ) → Member of Console class
– Argument(s) enclosed in double quotes inside ( )
– “Hello World!” is the method’s argument
– “Hello World!” is string argument
• String of characters
• May be called with or without arguments
– Console.WriteLine( );
– Console.WriteLine(“WriteLine( ) is a method.”);
– Console.Write(“Main( ) is a method.”);

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 26

 Program Statements (continued)
• Read( ) accepts one character from the input device
• ReadLine( ) accepts string of characters from the input
device
– Until the enter key is pressed
• Write( ) does not automatically advance to next line
• Write(“An example\n”);
– Same as WriteLine(“An example”);
– Includes special escape sequences

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 27

 Program Statements (continued)
• Special characters enclosed in double quotes

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 28

 C# Elements

Figure 1-17 Relationship among C# elements

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 29
 Create Console Application

• Begin by opening Visual Studio

• Create new project
– Select New Project on the Start page
– OR use File → New Project option

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 30

 Create New Project

Figure 1-18 Creating a console application

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 31
 Code Automatically Generated

Figure 1-19 Code automatically generated by Visual Studio

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 32
 Typing Your Program Statements
• IntelliSense feature of the IDE
• Change the name of the class and the source code
filename
– Use the Solution Explorer Window to change the
source code filename
• Select View → Solution Explorer

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 33

 Rename Source Code Name
Clicking Yes
causes the class
name to also be
renamed

Figure 1-20 Changing the source code name from Program

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 34
 Compile and Run Application
• To Compile – click Build on the Build menu
• To run or execute application – click Start or Start
Without Debugging on the Debug menu
– Shortcut – if executing code that has not been
compiled, automatically compiles first
• Start option does not hold output screen → output
flashes quickly
– Last statement in Main( ), add Console.Read( );

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 35

 Build Visual Studio Project

Figure 1-21 Execution of an application using Visual Studio

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 36

 Debugging an Application
• Types of errors
– Syntax errors
• Typing error
• Misspelled name
• Forget to end a statement with a semicolon
– Run-time errors
• Failing to fully understand the problem
• More difficult to detect

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 37

 Error Listing

Missing ending
double
quotation mark

Pushpin

Errors reported

Figure 1-22 Syntax error message listing

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 38
 Creating an Application –
ProgrammingMessage Example

Figure 1-23 Problem specification sheet for the

ProgrammingMessage example
C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 39
 ProgrammingMessage Example
(continued)

Figure 1-24 Prototype for the ProgrammingMessage example

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 40
 ProgrammingMessage Example
(continued)
• Pseudocode
would include
a single line to
display the
message
“Programming
can be FUN!”
on the output
screen

Figure 1-25 Algorithm for

ProgrammingMessage example
C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 41
ProgrammingMessage Example
(continued) Figure 1-26
Recommended
deletions

Change the name

Can replace with static void Main( )

Depending on your
current settings, you
may not need to make
some of these changes
C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 42
 ProgrammingMessage Example
/* Programmer: (continued)
[supply your name]
*/
using System;
namespace ProgrammingMessage
Complete
{
program
class ProgrammingMessage
listing
{
static void Main( )
{
Console.WriteLine(“Programming can be”);
Console.WriteLine(“FUN!”);
Console.Read( );
}
}
}
C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 43
 Chapter Summary
• Types of applications developed with C#
– Web applications
– Windows graphical user interface (GUI) applications
– Console-based applications
• Framework class library groups by namespaces
– Namespaces group classes
– Classes have methods
– Methods include program statements
C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 44
 Chapter Summary (continued)
• Programming methodologies
– Structured procedural
– Object-oriented
• C#
– One of the .NET managed programming languages
– Object-oriented
– 2001 EMCA standardized
– Provides rapid GUI development of Visual Basic
– Provides number crunching power of C++
– Provides large library of classes similar to Java
C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 45
 Chapter Summary (continued)
• Visual Studio includes .NET Framework
– Editor tool, compiler, debugger, and executor
– Compile using Build
– Run using Start or Start without Debugging
• Debugging
– Syntax errors
– Run-time errors
• Use five steps of program development to create
applications

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 46

 Activity
1. Write a C# Sharp program to print Hello and
your name in a separate line.
2. Write a C# Sharp program to print the sum of
two numbers.
3. Write a C# Sharp program to print the result
of dividing two numbers.

C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 47