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Composition of Substances-2

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22 views16 pages

Composition of Substances-2

Uploaded by

gulltahir63
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Composition of substances

• Atoms and molecule


• Symbols
• Formulae
• Elements and compound
• Chemical formula
Definition of Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of matter, its
composition, properties and the interaction
of atoms as they react to form new
Substances
Atomic structure :
Subatomic particles
Electrons
Protons
Neutrons

Atom :
An atom is the smallest particle of an element to
retain the
Properties of the element
For example:
Sulphur – S
Carbon – c

Molecule :
A molecule can be defined as the combinations of
two or more atoms which are held together by
chemical bond.
For example:
H2,O2 , H2O
Basis Atom Molecule

Definition Smallest particle of an


element.
Two or more atoms
chemically bonded
together.

Example Oxygen -
Phosphorous -
O
P
Oxygen - O2
Water - H2O
Sulphur - S Nitrogen - N2
Hydrogen - H NaCl (table salt)
Carbon - C O3 (ozone)
Structure The smallest
particle with
Combination of
two or more
properties of an atoms.
element.

Stability An atom may not


always be stable in
Molecules are
formed to attain
nature due to the stability.
presence of electron
in the outer shells.

Constituent Protons , Electrons


and Neutrons.
Two or more atoms
of the same or
Particles different elements.
Types of molecules
• Monoatomic molecules: molecules made up of only
one atom are called monoatomic molecule, e.g noble
gases He , Ne , Ar etc , have only one atom in their
molecules.
• Diatomic molecules:
Molecules made up of two atoms which may be similar or
different are called diatomic molecule. e.g N2 , O2 , HCl ,
CO etc.
• Triatomic molecule:
Molecules made up of three atoms are called triatomic
molecules. e.g, H2O , SO2 , O3 etc.
• Tetra atomic molecules:
molecules made up of four atoms are called tetra atomic
molecules. e.g BF3 , SO3 , NH3 , etc
• Poly atomic molecules:
Molecules made up of more than two atoms are called
polyatomic molecules. e.g HNO3 , H2SO4 etc.
Atomic Number:
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is Known as its
Atomic number.
Mass Number:
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is known
as its mass number.
Substance:
Any matter that has a particular set of characteristics that differ
rom the characteristics of another kind of matter is called a
Substance.
For example: Oxygen, water , carbon dioxide, common salt
etc are different substance.
Chemicals formulas:
Empirical formula: The empirical formula of a compound is the
Chemical formula that gives the simplest whole number
Ratio of each element.
For examples:
C6H12O6 1: 2:1 CH2O
C6H6 1: 1 CH
Molecular formula:
A molecular formula gives the actual whole number ratio of
Atoms of each element present in a compound.
For example:
C6H12O6 6 : 12 : 6
C6H6 6: 6
Element:
A substance that cannot be converted to other
simpler
substance is called an element.
For example:
Oxygen , hydrogen, iron , copper, aluminium etc.
Compound:
A compound is a pure substance that consist of two
or more Elements held together in fixed
proportions by natural forces called chemical
bonds.
Examples: water, carbon dioxide, sodium chloride
etc.
Basis Elements Compounds

Compounds are
substances that are
Elements are pure composed of two or more
substances that are than two different types of
Definition
made from only one elements that are bonded
type of atom. by some kind of bonding.
There is no fixed
Around 94 elements number of
are found naturally compounds. The
Total
on the Earth and number of
numbers
there are 118 compounds are
elements found. endless or infinite.
The compounds are
classified on the
Elements are
basis of their
classified into
Classification bonding such as
metals, nonmetals,
covalent
and metalloids.
compounds, ionic
compounds, etc.

Elements are Compounds are


Representati
represented by represented by their
on
chemical symbols. chemical formula.
Sodium
(Na), iron
(Fe),
copper Sodium chloride
(Cu), (NaCl), water
Examples silver (H2O), calcium
(Ag), chloride (CaCl2),
hydrogen etc.
(H) ,
Oxygen
(O) etc.
Isotopes:
Isotopes are atoms of an element whose nuclei have the
same atomic
Number but different mass number. This is because atoms
of an element
Can differ in the number of neutrons.
Isotopes of hydrogen:
Hydrogen has three isotopes. Hydrogen - 1 (protium) has
no neutrons.
Almost all the hydrogen is hydrogen – 1 . Hydrogen-2
(deuterium) has one
Neutron and hydrogen – 3 (Tritium) has two neutrons.
Isotopes of carbon:
Carbon has three isotopes. carbon-12 . It has six protons
and six neutrons.
Almost all carbons are carbon 12.
Carbon – 13 has six protons and seven neutrons.
Carbon – 14 has six protons and eight neutrons.
Isotopes of chlorine:
There are three natural isotopes of chlorine. Chlorine -35
and chlorine-37.
An atom of chlorine – 35 has 17 proton and 18 neutrons.
Types of bond:
1. Ionic bond
2. Covalent bond

Ionic bond:
Ionic bond is formed between two atoms, when one
atom loses electron to form cation and the other
atom gains this electron to form anion.
For example:
NaCl
Covalent bond:
A covalent bond is formed by mutual sharing of
electrons
between two atoms.
For example: HCl
The End

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