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Lecture 2 - Flow Measurement PDF

Flow measurements and discharge quantity agriculture science bsc hons agriculture first semester.2024ag5294

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durreadanb
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18 views

Lecture 2 - Flow Measurement PDF

Flow measurements and discharge quantity agriculture science bsc hons agriculture first semester.2024ag5294

Uploaded by

durreadanb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫اَّلِذْى َجَعَل َلُكُم اَاْلْر َض ِفَر اًش ا َّوالَّس َم ۗاَء ِبَنۗاًء ۠ َّوَاْنَز َل ِمَن الَّس َم ۗاِء‬

‫َم ۗاًء َفَاْخ َر َج ِب ٖه ِمَن الَّثَمٰر ِت ِرْز ًقا َّلُكْم ۚ َفاَل َتْجَعُلْوا ِلّٰلِه َاْنَداًدا َّوَاْنُتْم‬
‫‪َ Al-baqrah‬تْعَلُمْوَن ؀‪22‬‬

‫جس نے تمہارے لئے زمین کو فرش اور آسمان کو چھت بنایا اور آسمان •‬
‫سے پانی اتار کر اس سے پھل پیدا کر کے تمہیں روزی دی‪ ،‬خبردار‬
‫باوجود جاننے کے اللہ کے شریک مقرر نہ کرو (‪)١‬۔‬
Course Title:
Irrigation and Drainage Practices
Course No.: ID-304
Credit hrs.: 2(1-1)

Engr: Rao Husnain Arshad

Lecturer,
Department of Irrigation and drainage,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
Importance of Flow measurement
Distribution of water from head works to main canals:
All the main canals have specific design and discharge carrying capacity.

To meet the designed water levels of canals off taking from head works, fixed
discharge is diverted to these canals to irrigate their command areas.

Discharge indicating gauges are fixed at several places in each canal and are
monitored continuously to maintain designed discharge.

Distribution of water among provinces:


Average annual water available from all the rivers is proportionally distributed
among provinces.
Maintaining designed depth of water in canals:
To meet the designed discharges of outlets according to their command
areas, it is essential to operate/run canals at designed full supply level.

For maintaining full supply levels of distributaries and minors, measured


discharge is provided/allowed from their parent canals, through regulatory
gates.

Equity in Water Distribution among farmers:


Equal distribution of water among farmers is of great concern.

Evaluation of equity in water distribution among farmers can be made


possible through regular flow measurements in watercourses or at farm
levels.
Measured irrigation to crops:
Saving of precious irrigation water is dire need of current drought situations.
Importance of Flow measurement
At farm level different techniques are adopted for saving of water.

Thus it is very important to irrigate crops according to their water


requirements and to avoid over or under irrigation by applying measured
quantities of water.

Over irrigation may participate in water logging while under irrigation will
cause low yield.

Watercourse Design:
First requirement for deciding design of a water course, is the discharge of
that watercourse only.

Any additional discharge, e.g. Tubewells or special quota of rice etc., is also
adjusted in design. Hence measurement of discharge is basic need for design
of a watercourse.
Volume Units
Hactare meter : Volume to cover an area of 1 hactare upto depth of
1m.
Hactare = 10,000 sq m. Depth = 1m.
Volume = 10,000 * 1 = 10,000 m3

Acre foot. Volume required to cover an area of 1 acre upto depth of


1 foot.
Acre = 43560 sq ft depth = 1ft
Acre foot = 43560 * 1= 43560 ft3

Acre inch. Volume o water required to cover an area upto 1 inch


Area = 1 acre , depth = 1 inch
Acre inch = 43560 * 1/12 ft = 3630 ft3
Volume Units
Second Feet Day ( SFD)
Water flowing at the rate of 1 cusec for 24 hours.

One SFD = 1 cusec * 24 hrs


One SFD = 1cb ft/sec * 24 * 3600 sec
One SFD = 86400 cubic ft

Interconversion ( Try Yourself)


Convert one volume unit into another volume unit

For example there are 1.98 acre-feet in one SFD


• Q=v/t
• Q*t=V
Flow Rate Units
Cusec CFS
If one cubic foot volume of water is passing in one second form a
certain point, then discharge is called 1 cusec or ft3/sec.

Cumec CMS
If one cubic meter volume of water is passing in one second from a
certain point, discharge is called 1 cumec/musec or m3/sec.

Liter Per Second:


If one liter volume of water is passing in one second from a certain
point, discharge is called 1 lps or 1 liter per second.

Gallon Per Minute:


If one gallon of water is passing in one minute time from any point,
then discharge at that point is called 1 Gallon Per Minutes or G.P.M.
Duty of Irrigation Water
Delta
Total depth of water required by the crop to come to maturity is
called as Delta.
Area Units and Conversion
1 hactare = 100m * 100m = 10,000m2
1 Acre = 220ft * 198 ft = 43560 ft2

By converting ft2 into m2 of acre.


1m=3.28 ft. Take square on bot sides
1m2 = 10.75 ft2

Now divide
1 acre = 43560 ft2 = 4048 m2
10.7584 ft2 /m2

Now divide for hactare to acre conversion


10,000m2 = 2.471
4048m2

Hence 1 hactare = 2.471 acres


Volume Units and Conversions
Volume of water required= Area * Depth of water required
By Comparing 1 and 2

1m = 3.28 ft 35.28 ft3 = 1000 Liter


By taking cube on both sides
4- 1ft3= 28.3 Liter

1- 1m3 = 35.28 ft3


By comparing 2 and 3

2- 1m3 = 1000 Liter 0.001m3 = 0.2638 US Gallon


OR
5- 1m3 = 263.8 US Gallon
1 Liter = 0.001m3
By comparing 1 and 5
3- 1 US Gallon = 3.78 Liter
35.28 ft3 = 263.8 US Gallons
OR
1 Liter = 0.2638 US Gallon 6- 1 ft3 = 7.48 US Gallons

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