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Atomic Structure

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Princes Angel Ecaldre
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22 views

Atomic Structure

Uploaded by

Princes Angel Ecaldre
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OATM

The basic unit of matter.


The smallest particle of a
substance that can exist by
itself.
ATOM
The basic unit of matter.
The smallest particle of a
substance that can exist by
itself.
ETMART
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
PLASMA
MATTER
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
PLASMA
STONROP
PROTONS
TURONNES
A neutral subatomic
particle having a
mass of 1.0087 amu.
NEUTRONS
A neutral subatomic
particle having a
mass of 1.0087 amu.
SNORCELET
A particle that
surrounds the nucleus
and has a negative
electrical charge.
ELECTRONS
A particle that
surrounds the nucleus
and has a negative
electrical charge.
Properties of Subatomic
Particles
Symbo Char Relative
Particle
l ge Mass
Proton p+ +1 1

Neutron n 0 1

Electron e- -1 1/1840
Location of Particles
• Protons – In the nucleus
• Neutrons – In the nucleus
• Electrons – In the electron
cloud outside the nucleus in
energy levels
Neutral Atom
An atom is considered
neutral when it has the
same number of electrons
and protons.
(p = e )
+ -
History of the Atom
Important Experiments
Leading to Atomic Theory
Learning Goal of the Day!

•Identify the development


and history of atom.
•Give the importance of
the development of an
atom in todays generation
Democritus (400
B.C.)
•A Greek philosopher
•Was the first person to think
about an atom’s existence.
•Believed that matter was
composed of tiny indivisible
particles called atoms. “atomos
”
Hmmm…
atoms… •He had no experimental
evidence to support his
thoughts.
John Dalton (1766-
1844)
•A meteorologist
•Unlike Democritus, he
had experimental
evidence to support
his theory.
•Dalton had four major
points (postulates) to
his theory.
Dalton’s Theory
1.) All elements 2.) Atoms of
are composed the same
of indivisible element are
particles called identical. The
atoms. atoms of any
one element
are different
from those of
another.
Dalton’s Theory
3.) Atoms of 4.) Chemical
different reactions occur
elements mix or when atoms
combine in whole separate, join, or
number ratios. rearrange.
Example: Oxygen In a chemical
combines with reaction, atoms
hydrogen to form of one element
water in a 2:1 NEVER change
ratio. into another.
Cathode Ray Tube
Experiment
• In the tube was an inert
gas, and two plates, a
positive and a negative.
• The particles in the gas
were attracted to the
positive plate.
• Therefore, the particles
MUST have a negative
charge. (Opposites attract.)
Joseph John (J.J.) Thomson (1859-
1940)
J.J. Thomson
• Discovered the electron.
• From his experimental
evidence, he believed that the
atom was a solid positive
sphere with electrons shoved
into the sides of it.
• His model was said to resemble
a popular English dessert called
Plum Pudding, and so his model
was deemed the “Plum Pudding
Model.”
Ernest Rutherford
click*
• Used the gold foil experiment to
discover the nucleus.
• Shot high energy beam of alpha
particles into gold foil.
Gold Foil
Experiment
Nuclear Model
• Rutherford found that most (99%) of the alpha particles
that he shot at the gold went straight through
• From these experiments Rutherford concluded that the
atom had a dense positive core, with the rest composed
of mostly empty space with the occasional negatively
charged electron

-
-
-
+

- -
note: this model completely changed the definition of atom
Rutherford’s Findings

* Most of the particles passed right through


* A few particles were deflected
* VERY FEW were greatly deflected

Conclusions:
#1 The nucleus is small
#2 The nucleus is dense
#3 The nucleus is positively
charged
Niels Bohr
• Discovered that electrons
exist in several distinct layers
or levels
• Travel around nucleus like
planets travel around sun
• Electrons Orbit
• Electrons can jump between
levels with energy being
added/released
Bohr Model
• Niels Bohr proposed that
electrons revolve around the
central positive nucleus (like
planets in the solar system)

negative electrons

3 positive protons
Bohr Model
• Bohr also suggested that the electrons can
only revolve in certain orbits, or at certain
energy levels (ie, the energy levels are
quantized)

no energy level in between steps


Heisenberg and
Schrodinger
• Found that Electrons
live in fuzzy regions
or “clouds” not
distinct orbits
• Improved on Bohr’s
findings
• Electron location can
not be predicted
• Quantum Mechanical
Model
Quantum Mechanical
Model
• the current understanding of the atom is
based on Quantum Mechanics

• this model sees the electrons not as


individual particles, but as behaving like a
cloud - the electron can be “anywhere” in a
certain energy level
Quantum Mechanical
Model
electrons can be found
anywhere in these “shells”

note: the electrons


are still quantized
no electrons can
be found here
FYI: Chemistry
• most things we do can be
explained using Dalton’s and/or
Bohr’s model
• the Quantum Mechanical model,
although most accurate, is
complex even at a university level
(conceptually and mathematically)
Eugene Goldstein (1850-
1930)
• Goldstein discovered the
proton.
James Chadwick (1891-
1974)
• Chadwick discovered the
neutron.
Side note… Not all of Dalton’s
postulates were correct.
•We now know that atoms are indeed
divisible – atoms can be broken down
into their subatomic particles, protons,
neutrons, and electrons (and these too
can be broken down even further!).
•We also know that not all atoms of the
same element are identical. Isotopes
exist for different elements. (We’ll talk
about this later.)

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