PHYSICS FOR AELE REVIEW

2023
Algebra and Calculus-Based Physics
Prepared by: Engr. Lyd Fedrix I. Tolentino
Coverage of AELE
 Brief overview of topics to be
covered
• Kinematics – 1D and 2D Motion (Translational
Motion)
• Dynamics – Common Forces and Newton’s Laws
• Work, Energy, and Power
• Impulse and Momentum
• Rotational Mechanics
• Electrostatics
• Electricity - General
• Fluids (Fluid Statics and Basic Fluid Dynamics)
Metric Prefixes
Conversion Factors
KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS
 Introduction to Dynamics

• Dynamics includes 2 areas of study:

1.Kinematics – Geometry of motion; relates the
displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time
of a body’s motion without considering external
forces acting on the body

2.Kinetics – Study of the relation between the

forces acting on a body, its mass, and the
motion of the body. Kinetics is used to predict
the motion of bodies caused by given forces
 Distance VS. Displacement
• Distance – it is a scalar quantity that refers to
“how much ground an object has covered” during its
motion
• Displacement – it is a vector quantity that
refers to “how far out of place the object it from
its original position”; it is the object’s overall
change in position
Displacement :
∆ 𝐱 =( 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 − 𝐈𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ) )
 Speed VS. Velocity
• Speed – it is a scalar quantity that refers to “how much
distance was covered over time” during its motion; it is
the absolute magnitude of the velocity
• Velocity – it is a vector quantity that refers to “how
much has the object been displaced from its original
position over time”; velocity accounts for both magnitude
(speed) and direction relative to its origin
 Rectilinear (1-D) Motion: Average Velocity vs.
Instantaneous Velocity

• Rectilinear Motion – A.K.A “Motion along a straight

line”
• Average Velocity – This is an average value of the
velocity of the body throughout the entire time
interval. It is a measure of total change in
position divided by the total time covered
• Instantaneous Velocity – this refers to a specific
value of velocity of the body at a specific given
point in time. It is the velocity of the body at
the exact moment
Rectilinear (1-D) Motion: Relevant Formulas

As can be seen, the instantaneous velocity is

the first time derivative of the displacement
function [x(t)]
 Average Acceleration vs. Instantaneous
Acceleration

• Average Acceleration – This is an average value of

the acceleration of the body throughout the entire
time interval. It is a measure of the total change
in velocity over change in time
• Instantaneous Acceleration – this refers to a
specific value of acceleration of the body at a
specific given point in time. It is the value of
acceleration of the body at the exact moment
Rectilinear (1-D) Motion: Relevant Formulas

As can be seen, the instantaneous acceleration is

the first time derivative of the velocity
function [v(t)]
Or, it can be seen as the 2nd time derivative of
the displacement function
Note: A negative acceleration is called a
deceleration
Rectilinear (1-D) Motion: Practice Problems

• A rocket ship starts from rest and turns on its

forward booster rockets, causing it to have a
constant acceleration of rightward. After 3s,
what will be the velocity of the rocket ship?
Rectilinear (1-D) Motion: Practice Problems

• The motion of a particle is defined by the

relation

Where x and t are expressed in inches and

seconds, respectively. Determine the position,
the velocity, and the acceleration of the
particle when t = 1 s.
Rectilinear (1-D) Motion: Practice Problems

The motion of a particle is defined by the

relation:

Where x and t are expressed in feet and seconds,

respectively. Determine the time, the position,
and the acceleration of the particle when v = 0.
 If a particle’s position is given by the
expression meters, what is the
acceleration of the particle after 5
seconds?

A. 1.02 C. 3.4

B. 102 D. 18.1
 Uniformly Accelerated Motion (UAM): 1D Motion
with Constant Acceleration

• The defining trait of UAM is that the acceleration

is assumed to be constant or unchanging. Meaning
that the rate of change of acceleration with
respect to time is zero (0)
• There are 4 main kinematic equations used for UAM:

1.
“Displacement Curve”
2 2
“Definition of Velocity”
4. 𝑣 𝑓 =𝑣 0 +2 𝑎 ∆ 𝑥
Uniformly Accelerated Motion (UAM): Derivation of
Eq. 1
Uniformly Accelerated Motion (UAM): Derivation of
Eq. 2
Uniformly Accelerated Motion (UAM): Derivation of
Eq. 3
Uniformly Accelerated Motion (UAM): Derivation of
Eq. 4
 Uniformly Accelerated Motion (UAM): Free-Falling
Bodies

• Free-Fall is a classic example of UAM, except the

motion is vertical instead of horizontal. Free-fall
is an example of UAM because bodies move with the
constant acceleration due to gravity (g = - 9.81
m/s^2 = -32.174 ft/s^2)
 Conceptual Question: Free-Falling Bodies

• Two objects of different weights are kept

at the same height in a vacuum, which will
fall down at a faster rate? The lighter
object? Or the heavier object?

• Trick question: In a vacuum, all objects

fall towards the center of the earth at
the same rate (acceleration) which is why
“g” is a constant
 Uniformly Accelerated Motion (UAM): Free-Falling
Bodies

• Since Free-Fall is a case of UAM, it shares the

same set of equations, except all in terms of “y”
because of the vertical nature of free-fall, and
the acceleration “a” becomes g = - 9.81 m/s^2 = -
32.174 ft/s^2
1. 1
∆ y= 𝑣0 𝑡 + g 𝑡 2
2

2. 𝑣 𝑓 =𝑣 0 + g 𝑡 2 2
4. 𝑣 𝑓 =𝑣 0 +2 𝑎 ∆ y
 Uniformly Accelerated Motion (UAM): Problem
Solving Tips

• Codewords: “Starts from rest” & “Dropped”:

• “Free-Fall”:
• “Comes to a stop”, “Stops”:
• Each kinematic (UAM) formula is missing one variable out of
the 5 kinematic variables , to choose the appropriate
kinematic formula, figure out which variable you are not
given and not asked to find
 UAM and Free-Fall: Practice Problems

• An engineer is designing the runway for an airport. Of the planes

that will use the airport, the lowest acceleration rate is likely
to be . The takeoff speed for this plane will be . Assuming this
minimum acceleration, what is the minimum allowed length for the
runway?
 UAM and Free-Fall: Practice Problems

• A plane has a takeoff speed of and requires 1365 meters of

runway to reach that speed. Determine the acceleration of the
airplane and the time required to reach this speed.
 UAM and Free-Fall: Practice Problems

• A student is fed up with doing her kinematic

formula homework, so she throws her pencil
straight upward at . How long does it take the
pencil to first reach a point 12.2 meters higher
than where it was thrown?
 An automobile moving at a constant velocity of 15 passes
a gasoline station. Two seconds later, another automobile
leaves the gasoline station and accelerates at a constant
rate of 2 . How soon will the second automobile overtake
the first?

A. 15.3 s C. 13.5 s

B. 16.8 s D. 18.6
 A car starts from rest and has a constant acceleration of 3
Find the average velocity during the first 10 seconds of
motion

A. 15 C. 14

B. 13 D. 12
 A ball is thrown vertically upward from the ground and a
student gazing out of the window sees it moving upward
pass him at 5 m/s. The window is 10 m above the ground.
How high does the ball go above the ground?

A. 15.25 C. 9.97 m

B. 14.87 m D. 11.30 m
 A ball is dropped from a height of 60 meters above the
ground. How long does it take to hit the ground?

A. 2.1 s C. 5.5 s

B. 3.5 s D. 1.3 s
 Introduction to Projectile Motion

• Projectile Motion is the natural

2-D motion of objects under the
influence of Earth’s gravity
• Every object that moves through
the Earth via the influence of
gravity (dropped, thrown,
catapulted, shot out, etc.) is
known as a “projectile
• Projectiles follow parabolic
paths called “Trajectories” or
the natural path of a projectile
is a downward parabola
 Horizontal and Vertical Motions
• Possibly the most important concept to realize in
projectile motion is that the horizontal motions and
vertical motions do not influence each other.
• This means horizontal and vertical motions can be analyzed
independently or separately from one another.
 Analyzing Horizontal Motion

• For projectile motion, it is assumed that there

are no external forces that cause the projectile
to accelerate
• In projectile motion, it is assumed that only an
initial horizontal component of velocity remains
constant throughout the entire motion
Deriving equations for Horizontal
Motion
 Analyzing Vertical Motion

• Vertical motion as seen in projectile motion is

just free-falling bodies or UAM in the vertical
direction.
Deriving equations for Vertical
Motion
Deriving equations for Projectile
Motion
Deriving equations for Projectile
Motion
Deriving equations for Projectile
Motion
Significant Equations for Projectile
Motion
 Projectile Motion – Practice
Problems
A stunt flier is moving at 15 m/s parallel to the
flat ground 100 m below, as shown below. How large
must the distance “x” be from plane to target if a
sack of flour released from the plane to strike the
target?
Projectile Motion – Solution
Page

Ans: x = 67.8 m or 68 m
 Projectile Motion – Practice
Problems
A baseball is thrown with an initial velocity of
100 m/s at an angle of 30 degrees above the
horizontal. How far from the throwing point will
the baseball attain its original level?
Projectile Motion – Solution
Page

Ans: x = 882.8 m or 883 m

 Projectile Motion – Practice
Problems
A hose lying on the ground shoots a stream water
upward at an angle of 40 degrees to the horizontal.
The speed of the water is 20 m/s as it leaves the
hose. How high up will it strike a wall which is
8.0 m away?
Projectile Motion – Solution
Page
Projectile Motion – Solution
Page

Ans:5.4 meters high

 A policeman aimed his rifle at the bull’s eye of a target 50
m away. If the speed of the bullet is 500 m/s, how far
below the bull’s eye does the bullet strike the target?

A. 5.0 cm C. 5.7 cm

B. 6.8 cm D. 6.0 cm
 A projectile is fired at the top of a 30-m building at an
angle of 20 degrees with the horizontal. If the muzzle
velocity of the projectile is 300 m/s, how long will it take
for the projectile to reach the ground?

A. 20.6 s C. 21.2 s

B. 22.7 s D. 18.5 s
 A golf ball leaves the golf club at an angle of 60 degrees
above the horizontal reference with a velocity of 25 m/s.
How high does it go?

A. 23.89 m C. 25.90 m

B. 24.12 m D. 26.12 m
 Introduction to Newton’s Laws of
Motion
• Newton’s Laws of Motion are the classic laws in physics that
describe the motion of objects. There are 3 main laws of
motion:
Newton’s 1st Newton’s 2nd Newton’s 3rd
Law of Law of Law of
Motion: Motion: Motion:

The Law of The Law of The Law of

Inertia Acceleration Action and
Reaction
 1st Law: The Law of Inertia

• The Law of Inertia can be summarized by the following:

 2nd Law: The Law of Acceleration

• The Law of Acceleration can be summarized by the following

statements:

“The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the

net force applied to it and inversely proportional to its
mass”

“The acceleration of a body is always in the same direction

of the resultant force”

or
 2nd Law: The Law of Acceleration

• Newton’s 2nd Law is used all the time to analyze force

systems in the real world because the vector equation may be
written in terms of components as follows:
 3rd Law: The Law of Action and
Reaction
• Newton’s 3rd Law may be understood as follows:
“For each force exerted on one body, there is an equal, but
oppositely directed, force on some other body interacting
with it”
Or simply:
“For every action, there is an equal, but opposite reaction”
 Other Relevant Forces
• Some other relatively important forces to be used
during analysis of force systems are:
1. Weight : W = mg
2. Tensile Force (T): Acts on strings / chains /
tendons and is referred to as a stretching force
3. Normal Force (N): Arises from a body contacting
a surface. It is always normal / perpendicular
to the surface
4. Friction Force (f): (depends on whether it is
static or kinetic)
 Normal Force
• The normal force is a force that surfaces exert to prevent solid
objects from passing through each other.
• Normal force is a contact force so contact between 2 surfaces is
required for it to be generated
• The normal force always acts perpendicularly to the surface of
contact.
 Friction
• Friction is a force that opposes the general direction
of motion. It arises from 2 objects making contact with
each other and are moving relative to each other.
• There are generally 2 different types of Friction:
• Dry Friction – No fluids involved. 2 solid bodies making contact
• Fluid Friction – It is the friction experienced by fluids (Drag)

• 2 Types of Dry Friction:

• Static Friction - resists the initiation of motion
• Kinetic Friction – resists on-going motion

Note: Kinetic Friction is always lower than Static Friction

 Laws of Dry Friction

• The force of friction is directly proportional to

the applied load (most often Weight)
• The force of friction is independent of the
apparent area of contact (How much area in contact
does not affect the amount of friction)
• Kinetic Friction is independent of sliding
velocity and only depends on the coefficient of
kinetic friction and normal force
 Laws of Dry Friction

• The force of friction is directly proportional to

the applied load (most often Weight)
• The force of friction is independent of the
apparent area of contact (How much area in contact
does not affect the amount of friction)
• Kinetic Friction is independent of sliding
velocity and only depends on the coefficient of
kinetic friction and normal force
 Formulas of Dry Friction

Static Friction Kinetic Friction

N = Normal Force N = Normal Force

Note: kinetic friction is always lower than static
friction because the coefficient of kinetic friction is
always smaller than the coefficient of static friction
 Inclined Planes

• Problems involving inclined planes are usually

the most common problems in Physics because
they may easily utilize the principles of
concurrent force equilibrium, friction,
trigonometry, and Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion.
• However, most problems involving inclined
planes follow a similar format / diagram where
the x-y plane is reoriented to be parallel and
perpendicular to the inclined plane
Inclined Planes
 Newton’s Law of Universal
Gravitation
• The Law of Universal Gravitation states:
“Every particle attracts every other particle in the universe
with a gravitational force directly proportional to the
product of the masses and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them”

Where:
 How much does a 30 lbm mass weigh on
the moon? Gravitational acceleration in
the moon is 5.47 and the earth is 32.2

A. 2.0 lbf C. 3.4 lbf

B. 3.2 lbf D. 5.096 lbf

 Practice Problems on Newton’s
Laws
1. A 5 kg object is to be given an upward
acceleration of 0.30 by a rope pulling straight
upward on it. What must be the tension in the
rope?
 Practice Problems on Newton’s
Laws
6. A 70 kg box is slid along the floor by a 400
N force. The coefficient of friction is 0.50
when the box is sliding. Find the acceleration
of the box.
Solution Page

Ans: a = 0.81 m/s^2

 Practice Problems on Newton’s
Laws
7. A 70 kg box is pulled by a 400 N force at an
angle of 30 degrees to the horizontal. The
coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.50. Find
the acceleration of the box.
Solution Page

Ans: a = 1.47 m/s^2

 Practice Problems on Newton’s
Laws
8. A 20 kg box sits on a 30 degree incline WRT
the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic
friction is 0.30. Find the acceleration of the
box down the incline.
Solution Page

Ans: a = 2.36 m/s^2

 Practice Problems on Newton’s
Laws
11. In the figure below, the coefficient of
kinetic friction between block A and the table
is 0.20. Also, . How far will block B drop in
the first 3.0 s after the system is released?
Solution Page

Ans: y = 11.04 m
 A car moving at 70 kph has a mass of
1700 kg. What force is necessary to
decelerate it at a rate of ?

A. 4250 N C. 680 N

B. 0.680 N D. 42.5 N
 What force is necessary to accelerate a
30,000 lbs railway electric car at the rate
of , if the force required to overcome the
frictional resistance is 400 lbs?

A. 1465.89 lbs C. 1671.27 lbs

B. 1564.59 lbs D. 1790.02 lbs

 A 50-lb crate starting from rest slides down a plane
inclined at an angle of 30 degrees with the
horizontal. If the coefficient of friction between the
crate and the inclined plane is 0.3, how far will the
crate move after 2 seconds?

A. 15.47 ft C. 18.33 ft

B. 19.67 ft D. 14.28 ft
 Two steel balls of masses 500 kg and 50 kg,
respectively, are placed with their centers 0.5 m
apart. The two balls attract with a force of:

A. C.

B. D.
 Definition and Formula for Work

• Work done by a force is defined as the product of the force and

the parallel distance over which it acts.
• Work can only be done when a force displaces a body.
• This means that work can be calculated by taking either the parallel portion of
the displacement that is aligned with the force, or the parallel portion or
parallel component of the force that aligns with the displacement
Work (W)=Force (F)x displacement (s)
W=Fs

𝑊 =𝐹 ( 𝑑 ∗ cos ( 𝜃 ) ) =( 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜃 ) ) ∗ 𝑑
When is Work not done?
Work Done by Gravity and Work Done Against
Gravity
Work Done by Friction
 Practice Problems

A 420 N force is exerted on a crate with a 35

degree angle above the horizontal. This crate is
pushed 5 m across a level warehouse floor. How
much work is done?
Solution Page

W = 1.72 kJ
 Practice Problems

A 60 kg box is pushed 12 m across a horizontal

floor by a horizontal force of 200 N. The
coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.3. (a) How
much work went into overcoming friction and (b)
how much into accelerating the box?
Solution Page

a.) Wf = 2118.96 J, b.) Wa = 281 J

 Practice Problems

In raising a 200 kg bronze statue, 10000 J of work

is performed. How high is it raised?
Solution Page

H = 5.1 m
 Work of a Variable Force

• When a non-constant, or variable force displaces an object, the

work done is the sum of all the work done over small intervals of
displacement
• This means that the work of a variable is the integral of the
force function along differential displacements

Or if both force and displacement are time-dependent:

 Practice Problems

A variable force (in Newtons) acting on an object

is represent by the function , where x is the
distance in meters from the origin. How much work
is required to move the object from x = 1, to x =
4?
Solution Page

W = 12 J
 Practice Problems

A time varying net force on a 4 kg particle causes

the particle to have a displacement given by ,
where x is in meters and t in seconds. Find the
work done on the particle in the first 3 sec of
motion.
Solution Page

W = 234 J
 Definition of Energy and Different Types of
Energy

• Energy is often defined as the “ability to do work”.

• Energy is a measure of the change imparted to a
system.
• Mechanical Energy may be divided into 2 different types:
• Gravitational Potential Energy (PE) – The energy inherent or latent in a body
due to its height above the surface

• Kinetic Energy (KE) – The energy possessed by an object because of its

motion.
 Hooke’s Law and Elastic / Spring Potential
Energy

• Hooke’s Law: The spring force needed to stretch or

compress a string is directly proportional to the
distance that it is stretched or compressed

• Elastic Potential Energy is the potential energy stored

by a spring whether stretched or compressed and is very
similar to gravitational potential energy
Different Types of Energy
 A 10-kg block is raised vertically 3 meters. What is
the change in potential energy?

A. 320 J C. 294 J

B. D. 350 N-m
 Practice Problems

A force of 50 lb is required to hold a spring

stretched 5 inches beyond its natural length. How
much work is required to stretch it from its
natural length to 10 inches beyond its natural
length in ft-lbs?
Solution Page

W = 125/3 ft.lb
 Practice Problems

A force of 60 N is required to hold a spring that

has been stretched from its natural length of 12
cm to 17 cm. How much work is done in stretching
the spring from 15 cm to 20 cm?
Solution Page

W = 3.3 J
 Work-Energy Theorem

• The work-energy theorem essentially states that

the work done on or by a body is equivalent to
the change in kinetic energy if potential
energy is not present
 Practice Problems

How large a force is required to accelerate a

1300 kg car from rest to a speed of 20 m/s of
80m?
Solution Page

W = 3.3 kN
 Practice Problems

A 1200 kg car going 30 m/s applies its brakes

and skids to rest. If the friction force between
the sliding tires and pavement is 6000 N, how
far does the car skid before coming to rest?
Solution Page

d= 90 m
 Practice Problems

The coefficient of sliding friction between a

9000 kg car and the pavement is 0.80. If the car
is moving at 25 m/s along level pavement when it
begins to skid to a stop, how far will it go
before stopping?
Solution Page

d= 40 m
 Practice Problems

The driver of a 1200 kg car notices that the car

slows from 20 m/s to 15 m/s as it coasts a
distance of 130 m along level ground. How large a
force opposes the motion?
Solution Page

F = 0.81 kN
 Law of Conservation of Energy

• This is also known as the First Law of

Thermodynamics
• It states that: “Energy can neither be created
nor destroyed, but only transformed from one
kind to another”
• Quantitatively, it states that within a closed,
conservative system, the total mechanical
energy is conserved (remains constant) and is
equivalent to the sum of the body’s potential
and kinetic energies.
Law of Conservation of Energy

Or
 Practice Problems

At her highest point, a girl on a swing is 7 ft

above the ground and at her lowest point, she is
3 ft above the ground. What is her maximum
velocity?
Solution Page

v = 16 ft/s
 Practice Problems

The figure below shows a bead sliding on a wire.

How large must height (h1) be if the bead,
starting at rest at A, is to have a speed of 200
cm/s at point B? Ignore friction
Solution Page

h1=20.4 cm
 Definition and Formula of Power

• Power is defined as the time-rate of doing work

or how much work is done per unit time

Efficiency (Eff) is the ratio between the output power

and the input power. Efficiency is always less than 100%
or a factor less than 1
𝑃 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓 =
𝑃 𝑖𝑛
 Practice Problems

Calculate the average horsepower required to

raise a 150 kg drum to a height of 20 m in a
time of 1 minute.
Solution Page

P = 0.66 HP
 Practice Problems

A 1000 kg auto travels up a 3% grade at 20 m/s.

Find the horsepower required, neglecting
friction.
Solution Page

P = 7.9 HP
 Practice Problems

A hoist powered by a 10-kW motor is used to

raise a bucket filled with concrete and having a
total mass of 500 kg to a height of 80 m. If the
efficiency of the hoist is 80%, find the time
needed.
Solution Page

t = 49 s
 An aircraft engine develops a forward thrust of
15,000 N. If the gross mass of the aircraft is 100
tons, what horsepower does the engine develop if
it is flying at 1000 kph?

A. 150,000 C. 5,400

B. 5,585 D. 3,108
 A rocket is moving through a vacuum. It changes
its velocity from 9020 ft/sec to 5100 ft/sec in 48
seconds. How much power is required to
accomplish this if the rocket’s mass is 13,000
slugs?

A. C.

B. D.
 Linear Momentum and Impulse: Collision
Physics

• Linear Momentum – is the “quantity of motion”

and is equal to the product of an object’s mass
and velocity

- Momentum can often be thought of as “how hard”

it is to stop something that is in motion. It
can be thought of as inertia in motion
- If it’s heavy, its harder to stop. If it’s
fast, it’s harder to stop.
- Momentum is a vector quantity
 Linear Momentum and Impulse: Collision
Physics

• Another way to rephrase Newton’s 2nd Law is in

terms of momentum:
• The net force applied to an object is equal to the
time rate of change of momentum
 Linear Momentum and Impulse: Collision
Physics

• Impulse is known to be how much force is

“spread” or transmitted to an object during a
certain amount of time
• Impulse can be quantified by the product of an
average force and the time duration the force
is felt. In calculus terms, it’s how much force
that can be felt over a time period
Linear Momentum and Impulse: Collision
Physics
 Linear Momentum and Impulse: Collision
Physics

• Impulse may also be interpreted as the change

in an object’s momentum
Collisions and the Law of Conservation
of Momentum

When objects collide with each other, one thing

remains true:
As long as there are no other external forces
influencing the collision, the momentum of the
system is conserved before and after the
collision

Initial momentum of the system = Final momentum of the system

Momentum, like energy, is conserved.

 Types of Collisions

1.Perfectly Elastic Collision – A perfectly

elastic collision is one wherein, when objects
collide, the total kinetic energy of the
system is conserved.

𝑲𝑬 𝒊=𝑲𝑬 𝒇
𝒑 𝒊=𝒑 𝒇
 Types of Collisions
2. Perfectly Inelastic Collision – A perfectly inelastic
collision is one wherein, when objects collide, the
objects stick together as one combined mass
Note: While momentum is conserved, the KE is not
conserved, and a lot of it is converted into heat, sound
or PE
 Types of Collisions
3. Partially Inelastic Collisions – these are collisions
that are neither perfectly elastic or inelastic. This
means that some form of kinetic energy is lost. A
quantity called the coefficient of restitution (e)
identifies how inelastic the collision is.

For perfectly elastic collision: e = 1

For inelastic collisions: e < 1
For perfectly inelastic collision: e = 0
 Momentum is a property related to the object’s
_______

A. Motion and mass C. Motion and velocity

B. Mass and acceleration D. Weight and velocity

 A positive impulse causes:

A. An object’s momentum to C. An object’s momentum to

change increase

B. An object’s momentum to D. An object’s momentum to

decrease remain constant and be conserved
 Momentum is the product of mass and _______

A. Acceleration C. Force

B. Velocity D. Time
 What momentum does a 40 lbm projectile possess
if the projectile is moving at 420 mph?

A. 24,640 lbf-sec C. 765 lbf-sec

B. 16,860 lbf-sec D. 523.6 lbf-sec

 A 16 gram mass is moving at 30 cm/sec while a 4
gram mass is moving in an opposite direction at 50
cm/sec. They collide head on and stick together.
Their velocity after collision is

A. 0.14 m/s C. 0.07 m/s

B. 0.21 m/s D. 0.34 m/s

 A tennis ball moving horizontally to the left at 40
m/s hits a racket and rebounds horizontally to the
right at 30 m/s. If the mass of the ball is 100 grams,
find the impulse of the force (in kg-m/s) exerted on
the ball by the racket. (Assume right is positive)

A. 1 C. 12

B. -1 D. 7
 Rotational Mechanics: Angular Kinematics

• Angular Kinematics form the basis of rotational

motion
• Basic Quantities for Rotational Motion:
• Angular Displacement () – usually expressed in
radians, degrees or in revolutions

Note: The definition of a radian:

“One radian is the angle subtended at the center of a
circle by an arc length equal to the radius of the
circle.”
Rotational Mechanics: Angular Kinematics

• Angular Displacement ()- angular displacement is a

measure of how much rotation the body undergoes at a
given time period

• Angular Velocity () – measure of how fast an object

rotates about an axis
Rotational Mechanics: Angular Kinematics

• Angular Acceleration - the rate at which its

angular velocity changes with time.
 Rotational Mechanics: Uniform Circular Motion
(UCM)

• Uniform Circular Motion refers to the act of

moving in a circular path at a constant angular
speed.
• This means 1 revolution is being covered at
regular time intervals called a Period or the
time it takes for 1 revolution
• There is also a frequency or how many
revolutions can the object perform in 1 second
• This means that Period (T) and frequency (f)
are inversely related to each other
 Rotational Mechanics: Uniform Circular Motion
(UCM)

• To solve for the average angular speed for

Uniform Circular Motion:

• Note: the latter formula may be referred to as angular

frequency and can be expressed in revolutions per sec,
rotations per sec, cycles per sec, etc
Uniformly Accelerated Angular Motion
(UAAM)
Relations Between Angular and Tangential
Quantities
 Centripetal Acceleration and Centripetal
Force

• Centripetal means “Center-seeking”. This means

that for an object to rotate, it must
constantly seek the center.
• Centripetal Acceleration is a component of
acceleration of a rotating body that keeps the
object IN the curved path by constantly pulling
and changing the direction the object towards
the center
• Centripetal Force – is the force responsible
for constantly pulling the object to the
center, ensuring that it stays on its curved
trajectory
Centripetal Acceleration and Centripetal
Force
 Centripetal Acceleration and Centripetal
Force

• Formula for centripetal acceleration:

• Formula for centripetal force:

 Net Acceleration for Angular
Motion
• Remember that acceleration
is a vector.
• Tangential Acceleration ( –
changes the angular speed

• Centripetal Acceleration (
constantly changes the
direction of the object for
it to follow a curved path
• Net Acceleration is the
vector sum
 A flywheel of a motor is rotating at the rate of 200
rpm. If it decelerates by 2 , how long will it take to
stop the flywheel?

A. 11.90 s C. 10.47 s

B. 12.10 s D. 10.60 s
 A wheel starting from rest is to accelerate to reach
an angular velocity of 30 rad/s in 6 seconds. How
many revolutions does it make in the process?

A. 11.12 rev C. 13.54 rev

B. 12.43 rev D. 14.32 rev

 A landing gear wheel of a GA Aircraft upon landing
is turning with an angular speed of 1800 rpm and is
brought to rest with a constant deceleration. If it
turns 60 revolutions before it stops, what time will
elapse before it stops?

A. 3 s C. 5 s

B. 4 s D. 6 s
 A 200 gram object attached to a 1.5 m long string
is whirled around a horizontal circle at a tangential
speed of 6 m/s. Determine the centripetal
acceleration (in m/s^2) of the object

A. 21 C. 23

B. 22 D. 24
 A man keeps a 1 kg toy airplane flying horizontally
in a circle by holding onto a 1.5 m long string
attached to its wing tip. The string is always in the
plane of the circular flight path. If the plane flies at
10 m/s, find the tension in the string.

A. 28 N C. 15 N

B. 67 N D. 18 N
 Moment of a Force and Torque
• When a force is applied to a body, it may cause a
tendency for the body to rotate around a point that is
not on the force’s line of action
• Torque is this tendency to rotate. However, its more
common name in physics is called the moment of a force,
or simply a moment.

Sign Conventions:
Positive – Counterclockwise
Negative - Clockwise
 Formulas for Moment/Torque

Where: F = applied force

d = perpendicular distance (lever arm) from the
axis of rotation to the line of force
Examples / Illustrations of
Moments
Examples / Illustrations of
Moments
 Mass Moment of Inertia
• The Mass Moment of Inertia (MMOI) is analogous /
similar to the inertial mass (m) quantity of linear
motion.
• During linear motion, when an object has high inertial
mass (or just high mass), it is difficult to change its
state of linear motion.
• During rotational motion, MOI functions in the same
manner. When an object has high MOI, it becomes
difficult to change its state of rotational motion
• In simpler terms, the moment of inertia roughly represents how
hard it is to rotate a body about a specific axis. i.e. moment
of inertia is just rotational inertia
 Mass Moment of Inertia – General
Formulas
If the body is a If the body is a
collection of point continuous mass:
particles:
 Mass Moment of Inertia

• Note that the moment of inertia is

heavily dependent on the distribution of
mass from the axis of rotation.
• The farther away each mass point is from the axis of rotation,
the harder it is for the object to rotate about the axis

• If the mass points are distributed closer to the axis of

rotation, the body will spin easier
Mass Moment of Inertia – Common
Formulas
Rotational Mechanics – Linear and Rotational
Parallels
 Conservation of Angular
Momentum
• Angular Momentum has an alternative formula for non-
rotational quantities:

Or just linear momentum * radial distance

• Conservation of Angular Momentum – if the net torque is

zero, the angular momentum remains constant
Conservation of Angular
Momentum
 A measure of the resistance of a body it offers to
any change in its angular velocity, determined by
the mass and distribution of its mass about the
axis of rotation is known as:

A. Moment of Inertia C. Torsion

B. Rotational Friction D. Angular Acceleration

 A pair of forces equal in magnitude, opposite in
direction, and not in the same line is called _____

A. Moment C. Couple

B. Torque D. All of the above

 The line of action of the moment vector is normal
to the plane containing the force vector and the
position vector. What is used to determine the
sense of direction of the moment?

A. Varignon’s Theorem C. Right-Hand Rule

B. Left-Hand Rule D. Maxwell’s Diagram

 To increase the moment of inertia of a body about
an axis, you must:

A. Increase the angular C. Make the body occupy less

acceleration space

B. Increase the angular D. Place part of the body

velocity farther from the axis
 A child with a mass of 50 kg is riding on a merry-
go-round. If the child has a speed of 3 m/s and is
located 2 m from the center of the merry-go-round,
what is the child’s angular momentum?

A. C.

B. D.
ELECTROSTATICS AND
ELECTRICITY
Electrostatics – Static Electricity
• When does static electricity occur?
• Static electricity occurs when an object obtains a net amount
of positive or negative charge, creating an imbalance that
wants to be returned to equilibrium.
• The atomic structure:
Free electrons reside in an atom’s
outer shell as valence electrons and
are easily plucked off and carried
around when acted upon by an outside
force

The ease of mobility for free

electrons depends on whether if the
material is a conductor, insulator, or
semiconductor
Electrostatics – Static Electricity
• Negative Charge = too many free electrons
• Positive Charge = missing free electrons
• Law of Conservation of Electric
Charge:
- You can never create a net
electric charge during an
interaction between 2 or more
objects.
- The total amount of charge will
always be conserved.
- Charges can only move from one
place to another
Charge, Electrostatic Force, and Coulomb’s
Law
• Charge (q) may be positive or negative. Their units are
known as Coulombs (C ), although since charges are very
small quantities, it is more often expressed as:
• Micro-Coulombs ()
• Nano-Coulombs ()
• The electrostatic force () is calculated via Coulomb’s
Law, which states:
• The magnitude of the attractive or repulsive
electrostatic force between two point charges is
directly proportional to the product of the
magnitudes of their charges and inversely
proportional to the squared distance between them
Charge, Electrostatic Force, and Coulomb’s
Law
• Coulomb’s Law Equation:

Wherein:
k = Coulomb’s constant (

d = distance between charges

Charge, Electrostatic Force, and Coulomb’s
Law
 Which is NOT a way to increase the force between
two charged objects?

A. Bring the objects closer C. Make one of the objects

together bigger

B. Increase the charge of D. Place one object in the

one of the objects other’s electric field
 If the charge of one object is doubled, what would
happen to the force?

A. The objects would lose

C. There would be no change
their charge

B. It would lose half of its D. It would be twice as

strength strong
 Electric Fields

• An Electric Field (E) is a region around a

charged particle or object that shows where the
charge would exert an electrostatic force on
other charges
 Electric Fields

• The strength of an electric field:

(Units: N/C)

Q = Point Charge (charge emitting the field)

q = Test charge (charge passing by)
Electric Potential Energy and Voltage

From Work-Energy Theorem: W = -

Then:
Electric Potential Energy and Voltage
• The Electric Potential (V) is defined as the change
in electric potential energy per test charge(q)

Note: This means that an electric field can also be expressed in terms of
Volts per meter.
• The difference or drop in electric potential between two points is
called Voltage. This is why voltage is also referred to as “electric
potential difference”

• Units for electric potential and voltage: Volts ()

• Voltage can be interpreted as “how much work each charge exerts or the
amount of push to get from one point to another”
Electric Potential of a Point Charge
• Since:

And

The electric potential for a point charge can be expressed as:

 Capacitors and Capacitance
• A Capacitor is a device that stores charge.

• Capacitance measures how much charge a capacitor can hold given a voltage.

𝑄
𝐶=
𝑉

Units:Farads ( F ) ,morecommonunitsaremicrofarads∧nanofarads
 Electricity: Basics
• Electric Current (I): The total amount of charge passing through a
wire over a period of time

• Voltage(V) or Electromotive Force (EMF): The difference in electric

potential between two terminals of a voltaic cell (or any points in
between) which forces charge to flow from one terminal to the other
 Resistance and Ohm’s Law
• Resistance (R) : measure of opposition to current flow, measured in
ohms ()
• Ohm’s Law: When the resistance is constant, the current through a
conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage
across the two points
 Resistance of a Wire
• For a wire, its resistance may be measured via the ff equation:

Wherein: = resistivity, which is a material characteristic

L = Length of the wire
A = Cross-Sectional Area of a wire
 Electrical Power
• Power is defined as the amount of work or energy used or exerted per
unit time, and since

• Using Ohm’s Law, the different formulas for Power Loss in a Resistor is:

• Note: The thermal energy gained by a resistor is numerically the same as

the power loss across a resistor
Resistance in Series and Parallel
Circuits
Capacitance in Series and Parallel
Circuits
 How long must a current of 5 amperes pass
through a 10 ohm resistor until a charge of 1200
coulombs passes through?

A. 3 min C. 4 min

B. 1 min D. 2 min
 What is the power required to transfer 97,000
Coulombs of charge through a potential rise of 50
volts in 1 hour?

A. 0.5 kW C. 0.9 kW

B. 1.3 kW D. 2.8 kW
 Suppose six resistors are hooked up in series, and
each of them has a value of 540 ohms. What is the
resistance across the entire combination?

A. 3.24kΩ C. 540 Ω

B. 90 Ω D. None of the above

 Suppose you have 3 resistors in parallel, each with
a value of 0.069MΩ, the total resistance is

A. 23 Ω C. 204 Ω

B. 23 kΩ D. 0.2 MΩ
 Imagine three resistors in parallel, with values of
22 Ω, 27 Ω, and 33 Ω. If a 12 V battery is connected
across this combination, what is the current drawn
from the battery?

A. 1.4 A C. 150 mA

B. 15 mA D. 1.5 A
Basics of AC Electricity
Basics of AC Electricity
Electrical Power Supply of an Airbus
A320
FLUID STATICS & FLUID
DYNAMICS
 Fluid Statics – Basics
• Fluid - A fluid is any liquid or gas or anything that
constantly deforms (flows) under applied external forces
• Properties of Fluids:
• Density
• Specific Volume
• Specific Weight
• Specific Gravity
• Compressibility
• Viscosity
• Surface Tension
• Pressure
• Buoyancy
 Fluid Statics – Fundamental
Quantities
• Density ()

Common densities:
• Water:
• Air:
• Mercury:
• Specific Volume ()- inverse of density
 Fluid Statics – Fundamental
Quantities
• Specific Weight () – ratio of the fluid’s weight to the
fluid’s volume

• Compressibility – fluids can be categorized as:

• Incompressible Fluids – density remains constant throughout
the flow
• Compressible Fluids – density varies throughout the flow

• Viscosity – the fluid’s resistance to flow

• Inviscid Fluid – fluids that do not experience fluid friction
• Viscous Fluid – fluids that experience fluid friction
Fluid Statics – Fundamental
Quantities
 Fluid Statics – Fundamental
Quantities
• Specific Gravity (SPGR) – ratio of the substance to the
density of some standard substance (usually water or
air)

• Pressure – force exerted per unit area; force must be

perpendicular (normal) to the area
 Fluid Statics – Fundamental
Quantities
• Atmospheric Pressure – the pressure exerted by the
weight of the atmosphere.
• Note: Barometers measure atmospheric pressure
• Standard values for atmospheric pressure:
1 atm 760 Torr

29.92 inHg 101325 Pa

2116.8 psf 101.325 kPa

14.7 psi 1013.25 millibar

760 mmHg 1.01325 bar

 Fluid Statics – Fundamental
Quantities
• Hydrostatic Pressure – the pressure that a column of
fluid exerts due to its weight, density, and depth /
height
 Fluid Statics – Laws and
Principles
• Pascal’s Principle – in a fluid at rest in a closed
container, a pressure change in one part is transmitted
without loss to every portion of the fluid and to the
walls of the container
A320 Hydraulics System
 Fluid Statics – Laws and
Principles
• Archimedes’ Principle - The upward buoyant force that
is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether
partially or fully submerged, is equal to the weight of
the fluid that the body displaces and acts in the
upward direction at the center of mass of the displaced
fluid

𝐹 𝐵 =𝜌 𝑑𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝑓 𝑔
Archimedes’ Principle -
Applications
 Fluid Statics – More Pressure
• Gage / Gauge Pressure – Pressure measured by a pressure
sensing instrument (that’s not a barometer)
• Gauge pressure is the pressure measured relative to the
atmospheric pressure (relative meaning how much is it above or
below atmospheric pressure)
• Note: If the gauge pressure measured is below atmospheric
pressure, it is known as Vacuum Pressure (if Pvac, indicate as
negative)
• Absolute Pressure – Pressure measured relative to a perfect
vacuum (or absolute zero pressure)
 Fluid Statics – U-Tube
Manometers
• Manometers operate on a principle
called Hydrostatic Balance
• Manometers typically contain mercury
(SG = 13.6) and measure gauge
pressure
• The manometer gauge pressure may
usually be found by finding the
hydrostatic pressure change due to
the height difference
 The mass of air in a room 3m x 5m x 20m is known
to be 350 kg. Find its density.

A. 1.167 C. 1.617

B. 1.176 D. 1.716
 The specific gravity of mercury relative to water is
13.55.What is the specific weight of mercury? The
specific weight of water is 62.4

A. 102.1 C. 150.9

B. 132.9 D. 82.2
 A mercury barometer at the base of Mt. Makiling
reads 654 mm and at the same time another
barometer at the top of the mountain reads 480 mm.
Assuming specific weight of air to be constant at 12 ,
what is the approximate height of Mt. Makiling?

A. 1,934.5 m C. 4,168.2 m

B. 3,508.4 m D. 2,647.7 m
 Assuming the barometer reads 760 mmHg, what is
the absolute pressure for 900 mmHg gauge?

A. 74.213 kPa C. 48 kPa

B. 221.24 kPa D. 358 kPa

 A barometer reads 760 mmHg and a pressure
gauge attached to a tank reads 850 cm of oil
(SPGR 0.80). What is the absolute pressure in the
tank in kPa?

A. 161.8 kPa C. 118.6 kPa

B. 186.1 kPa D. 168.1 kPa

 Fluid Dynamics – Fundamental
Principles
• Most fluid dynamics (especially aerodynamics) adhere to
3 basic fundamental physical principles
1.Mass is conserved
2.Newton’s 2nd Law / Momentum
3.Energy is conserved
 Fluid Dynamics – Equation of Continuity
(EoC)
• The EoC is based on the conservation
of mass principle.

If incompressible (same density):

 Fluid Dynamics – Momentum / Euler’s
Equation
• This is based on Newton’s 2nd Law
and the following fluid element:
Assume friction, gravity are negligible

Euler/Momentum Equation:
• Shows the relationship
between fluid pressure and
velocity
• Valid only for inviscid flows
 Fluid Dynamics – Bernoulli’s Equation

• Start by assuming that the flow is incompressible

(density is constant)
 Fluid Dynamics – Bernoulli’s Equation

• From the derivation we can note that the Bernoulli

equation is only applicable to incompressible flows
• Since it was derived from the Euler equation, it may
also only be applied to inviscid flows
• Based from the Bernoulli’s Principle:
• As the speed of a moving fluid increases (liquid or gas), the
pressure within the fluid decreases and vice versa