Heaven’s Light is Our Guide

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)

Course Code: CSE 1111

Course Title: Computer Programming

Utsha Das
Lecturer
Department Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET)

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 What is Computer?
 Common Operations Made Possible Under Technical Engineering Researches
 Common Operating Machine Particularly Used for Trade, Education, and
Research
 Common Operating Machine Particularly Used for Training, Education, and
Reporting
 Common Oriented Machine Purely Used for Technical and Educational Research
 Commonly Operating Machine Particularly Used for Technical and Education
Research
 What is Computer? (Cont.)
• A computer is a general purpose electronic
device that is used to perform arithmetic and
logical operations automatically.
Computer Architecture (Von Neumann Model)
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

Control Unit (CU)

Register Set

Main Memory (RAM)

Fig: Von Neumann Model

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 Computer Architecture (Von Neumann Model)
1. Computer will fetch instruction from Main Memory (RAM).
2. Instruction will be decoded by control unit and will select
registers and/or immediate values.
3. Data within registers and/or immediate values will be sent
to Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) to perform operations.
4. ALU will perform operation and result will be sent to the
register to be written.
5. Control unit can send data from registers to Main memory.

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 Question: How does a high level language program run on
transistor inside of computer processor?
Answer: Connection between High Level Language Program and Transistor
High Level Language Program int main(){int a=10; a=a+5; return 0;}
Compiler
Software mov DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 10
Assembly Language Program
add DWORD PTR [rbp-4], 5
Assembler
c7 45 fc 0a 00 00 00
Machine Language Program
83 45 fc 05
c7 is opcode for mov
Instruction Set Architecture From Intel ISA
83 is opcode for add

Computer Architecture ALU CU Register Set Main Memory

Digital Electronics Adder Multiplier Flip-flop

Hardware
Analog Electronics Transistor
(Acts as a switch)
Basic Electrical Engineering
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 History of computer

A typical computer operation back when computers were people.

 Abacus

• The abacus was an early aid for mathematical

computations.
• A skilled abacus operator can work on
addition and subtraction problems at the
speed of a person equipped with a hand
calculator.
• The oldest surviving abacus was used in 300
B.C. by the Babylonians
 Abacus(Cont.)

A very old abacus Modern abacus

 Pascaline

• In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at age 19, invented the

Pascaline as an aid for his father who was a
tax collector.
 Punched Card

• In 1801 the Frenchman Joseph Marie Jacquard

invented a power loom that could base its
weave (and hence the design on the fabric)
upon a pattern automatically read from
punched wooden cards, held together in a
long row by rope.
 Punched Card(Cont.)

Jacquard's Loom showing the threads

and the punched cards Jacquard's card making
Charles Babbage

• Father of computer.
• In 1822 the English mathematician Charles
Babbage was proposing a steam driven
calculating machine the size of a room.
• He called this machine as Difference Engine.
• This machine would be able to compute tables
of numbers, such as logarithm tables.
 Difference Engine

A small section of the type of mechanism employed in Babbage's

Difference Engine [photo © 2002 IEEE]
How was History?
Way of Modern Computer

The Harvard Mark I: an electro-mechanical computer

(IBM-1944)
Way of Modern Computer

Apple I(IBM-1976)
Way of Modern Computer

Apple I(IBM-1976)
 Way of Modern Computer

An integrated circuit ("silicon chip") [photo courtesy of IBM]

Way of Modern Computer

The DEC PDP-12 (IBM)

Way of Modern Computer

The original IBM Personal Computer (PC)

 Generations of Computer
Generation Hardware Software Key Characteristics Example
First Vacuum Tubes were used. Software was written in Bulky in size. ENIAC,
(1942-55) machine and assembly UNIVAC I, IBM
Memory used languages. Highly unreliable. 701
electromagnetic relays.

Second Transistors were used. Software was written in high Ten times faster than first Honeywell
(1955-64) level programming languages generation computer. 400, IBM
Magnetic cores were used (like FORTRAN, COBOL, etc.). 7030, CDC
for main memory. Smaller in size. 1604, UNIVAC
Batch OS was used. LARC
Magnetic disks and tapes as Difficult commercial
secondary storage media Production.

Third Integrated circuits (IC) were Standardization of high level Powerful, capable of IBM 360/370,
(1964-75) used. languages (Fortran & COBOL). performing about 1 million PDP – 8, PDP -
instructions per second. 11
Larger capacity magnetic Time sharing OS was used.
core & tapes as memory. Cheaper to produce
commercially.

Fourth Integrated circuits with VLSI C programming language Small, affordable, reliable, IBM PC, APPLE
(1975-89) technology were used. became popular. easy to use Personal II, TRS 80
Computer were
Semiconductor memory was GUI were introduced in OS. introduced.
used.

Fifth ICs with ULSI (Ultra Large World Wide Web (www) and Portable/Laptop Notebooks,
(1989- scale Integration). Multimedia applications computers. Pentium PCs
Present) became popular.
What Next?