Analytic

Geometry
GRACE D. PERMALINO
SLSU – CTE
Ordered Pairs of Real Numbers
An ordered pair of real numbers, (a,
b), is given by the first number a
and the second number b.

Example: (1, 3), (3, 1), and (1, 1)

THE DISTANCE FORMULA
Distance Formula
Derivation
Let P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2)
be the coordinates of two
points on the coordinate
plane.
Distance Formula Derivation
Example:
Find the lengths of the sides of the triangle whose vertices are
A = ( - 1, -3 ), B = (5, -1 ), C = ( - 2, 10).
THE SLOPE OF A LINE

𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝒎=
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 𝟏
THE SLOPE OF A LINE𝑚= 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 1
𝑥 2 − 𝑥1

, line rises to the right; , line

falls to the right;
, line horizontal.
Different forms of equations of a straight line
Equations of horizontal and vertical lines
Equation of the lines which are horizontal or
parallel to the x-axis is y = a, where a is the y –
coordinate of the points on the line.

Similarly, the equation of a straight line which is

vertical or parallel to the Y-axis is x = a, where a is
the x-coordinate of the points on the line.
Different forms of equations of a straight line

1. Equations of horizontal and vertical lines

Different forms of equations of a straight line

2. Point-slope form equation of a line

Consider a non-vertical line L whose
slope is m, A(x , y) be an arbitrary
point on the line and P(x1, y1) be the
fixed point on the same line.

𝒚 − 𝒚 𝟏 = 𝒎( 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝟏)
Different forms of equations of a straight line
2. Point-slope form equation
of𝒚a−
line
𝒚 =𝒎( 𝒙 − 𝒙 )
𝟏 𝟏

Example:
Find the equation of
the straight line
having a slope m = 2
and passes through
the point (2, 3)
Different forms of equations of a straight line

3. Two-point form equation of line

Let P(x, y) be the general point on the line L which
passes through the points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2).

𝑦2− 𝑦1
𝒚 − 𝒚 𝟏= ( 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝟏)
𝑥2− 𝑥1
Different forms of equations of a straight line
3. Two-point form equation of
line
𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝒚 − 𝒚 𝟏= ( 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝟏)
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 𝟏

Example:
Find the equation of
the straight line that
passes through (-1, 5)
and (2, 3)
Different forms of equations of a straight line
4. Slope-intercept form
equation of line
𝒚 =𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
(𝟎 , 𝒃)

Consider a line whose slope

is which cuts the Y-axis at a
distance ’ from the origin. Then the
distance a is called the y-
intercept of the line. The point at
which the line cuts the y-axis will
be .
Different forms of equations of a straight line
4. Slope-intercept form equation of
𝒚
line =𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
Example:
Find the equation of the straight line
having a slope m = 2 and passes through
the point (0, 3)
Different forms of equations of a straight line
5. Intercept form
Consider a line L having x–
intercept a and y–
intercept b, then the line
touches X– axis
at (a,0) and Y– axis at (0,b).
𝒙 𝒚
+ =𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
Different forms of equations of a straight line
5. Intercept form
𝒙 𝒚
+ =𝟏
𝒂 𝒃

Example:
Find the equation of the
line which has x–
intercept 3 and y–
intercept 4.
Enrichment Exercise:
1. Draw three lines ( , , and ) that are
parallel to the x – axis, list at least 3
distinct ordered pairs for points on each
line. What generalization can you make
about the ordered pairs for lines
parallel to the x – axis?
Enrichment Exercise:
2. If the distance between the points
(5, -2) and (1, a) is 5, find the
values of a.
Enrichment Exercise:
3. The co-ordinates of points on the
x-axis which are at a distance of
5 units from the point (6, -3).
Enrichment Exercise:
4. Determine the slope of the line containing
the two points below and sketch the graph
of the line. ,
Enrichment Exercise:
4. Determine the slope of the line containing the two points below
and sketch the graph of the line. (−2,4),(1,10)
Enrichment Exercise:
5. What is the slope of the line?
Enrichment Exercise:
6. Find, if possible, the slope of the line
through the points (, ) and ( , ).
Enrichment Exercise:
7. Determine the slope of the line
Enrichment Exercise:
8. What is the equation of the line through the
point and has intercept at .
Enrichment Exercise:
9. Find the equation of the line that has an
intercept at and y intercept
at .
Enrichment Exercise:
10. Find the slope, the x - and y - intercepts of
the line given by the equation:
.
Enrichment Exercise:
11. For what values of b the point is on the line
with equation
 Parallel and
Perpendicular
Lines

GRACE D. PERMALINO
SLSU – CTE

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ The Dark Doodad Nebula

Objectives:
 Identify the property of the slopes of parallel lines and
perpendicular lines

 Write equations for each type of lines

Try This!
1.Find the reciprocal of each fraction
a. 1b. 4 c. 1 d. 5
 
2 3 3 2

2.Find the slope and y-intercept of each equation

5 5
a. y  x  4 b. y  x  8 c. y 6 x d. y 6 x  2
4 3
3. Find the “negative reciprocal” of each fraction
2 3 1 4
a. b. c.  d. 
5 7 2 3

4. What is the Slope-Intercept Form?

5. What is the Standard Form?

6. What is the Point-Slope Form?

Parallel Lines
Slopes are the same

• Two non-vertical lines are parallel if and only if their

slopes are equal.
l1 l2

m1
m2
Parallel Lines
Parallel Lines - lines that never intersect

What is the slope of the

red line?

What is the slope of the

blue line?

Parallel Lines have the _________ slope!

Parallel Lines
Determine if the lines are parallel
1. 2 x  6 y 12 and y  x  5
1
3
Parallel Lines
Determine if the lines are parallel
3
2. 6 x  8 y  24 and y  x 3
4
Parallel Lines
Determine if the lines are parallel
3. 2
4 x  6 y  2 and y  x 8
3
Equations of Parallel Lines
4. Write an equation for the line that
3
contains (5, 1) and is parallel to y  x  4
5
Equations of Parallel Lines

5. Write an equation for the line that contains (2, -6)

and is parallel to y 3x  9
Equations of Parallel Lines
6. Write an equation for the line that contains and is
1
parallel to y  x 7
2
Perpendicular Lines
Slopes are negative reciprocals
 Two non-vertical lines are perpendicular if
and only if the product of their slopes is -1

l1 m1 m2

l2
Perpendicular Lines
Perpendicular Lines – lines that intersect to form right angles

What is the slope of the

red line?

What is the slope of the

blue line?

Perpendicular Lines have slope!

Perpendicular Lines
What is the slope of the perpendicular line?
2
7. y  x 8
5
1
8. y  x
5
9. y  2 x  7
Equations of Perpendicular Lines
10. Find the equation of the line that
contains (0, -2) and is perpendicular to
y = 5x + 3
Equations of Perpendicular Lines

11. Find the equation of the line that contains (1, 8)

3
and is perpendicular to y  x 1
4
Equations of Perpendicular Lines
12. Find the equation of the line that contains (2, -3)
1
and is perpendicular to y  x  6
2
Perpendicular Lines
13. Determine if the lines are perpendicular:
2
y  x 1 and3 y  2 x 4
3
Perpendicular Lines
14. Determine if the lines are perpendicular:
4
y  x 5 and4 y  3 x 9
3
Parallel Lines
15. What is the slope of the line that is parallel to
Perpendicular Lines
16. What is the slope of the line that is perpendicular to
?
 Conic Sections
(circle, parabola, ellipse,
hyperbola)

GRACE D. PERMALINO
SLSU – CTE

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ The Dark Doodad Nebula

 FAQ
on
Conic Sections
What are the 4 conic sections?
Based on the inclination of angle between the plane
and the cone, we can categorize the conic sections into 4
types.
1. Circles
2. Ellipses
3. Parabolas
4. Hyperbolas
What is a conic section in real life?
Example:

When we consider the Sun as one focus,

then the path of planets form ellipses around it.
Parabolic mirrors help in gathering light beams at
the focus of the parabola.
How do you identify a conic section?
Standard Form (Conic Section)

Where: are real numbers

and .
If , then the conic section is an ellipse.
If , then the conic section is a parabola
If , then the conic section is a hyperbola.
If and , then the conic section is a circle.
What is the best definition of a conic
section?
• Menaechmus was an ancient Greek mathematician
who discovered the conic sections. Also, it is believed
that the first definition of a conic section was given by
him.
• ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola are
sections of a cone—produced by the
intersection of a plane with the surface of a
cone—derives from an epigram of
Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276–194 BC) that
refers to cutting the cone “in the triads of
Menaechmus.
Is a Ferris wheel a conic section?
Yes, the Ferris Wheel is a conic section
since it is one of the primary examples of a
circle that we can observe in real life. This is
because all the points on the outer rim of
the wheel are equidistant from the centre.
What are Conic Sections

 A curve, generated by intersecting a right circular

cone with a plane is termed as ‘conic’. It has
distinguished properties in Euclidean geometry
. The vertex of the cone divides it into two nappes
referred to as the upper nappe and the lower
nappe.
Conic sections
 are one of the important topics in Geometry
 There are different types of conic sections
in maths that can be defined based on the
angle formed between the plane and
intersection of the right circular cone
with it.
 Conic sections Figure B
In figure B, the cone is intersected by
a plane and the section so obtained is
known as a conic section. Depending
upon the position of the plane which
intersects the cone and the angle of
intersection β, different types of conic
sections are obtained. Namely;

• Circle
• Ellipse
• Parabola
• Hyperbola
Conic Section Formulas
Conic Section Formulas
Conic Section Formulas
Conic Section Formulas
References:
https://byjus.com/maths/different-forms-of-the-equation-of-line/

http://www.vias.org/calculus/01_real_and_hyperreal_numbers_01_04.html

https://byjus.com/maths/distance-formula/

https://www.ptsd.k12.pa.us/Downloads/Topic%208%20Parent%20Answer%20Keys%20(large
%20version).pdf

https://www.math-only-math.com/problems-on-distance-formula.html

https://msbillerbeck.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/1/8/38184671/6.5

https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_intermediate-algebra/s11-conic-sections.html
Thank
You!