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Biostat Lecture 2

biostatistics lecture 2

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Maria Nova Ortiz
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12 views

Biostat Lecture 2

biostatistics lecture 2

Uploaded by

Maria Nova Ortiz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Collection

2 Sources of Data
Collection
1. Primary Data
2. Secondary Data
1. Primary Data
▪ Obtained first hand by the
investigator from first hand sources.
• Thesis & dissertations
• Interview and questionnaire
• Letters, diaries and
autobiographies
• Experimentation
• Journals and newspapers
2. Secondary Data
▪ Are finished products taken
from raw materials.
▪ Data w/c are already existing.
• Data obtained from registry
of cases of hospitals
• Documented materials
• Book of factual information
(textbooks)
■ Biostatistics is the application of
statistics to a wide range of topics
in biology.
What is
■ The science of biostatistics
biostatistics? encompasses the design of
biological experiments, especially
What does in medicine, pharmacy, agriculture
biostatistics and fishery; the collection,
summarization, and analysis of
mean? data from those experiments; and
the interpretation of, and inference
(Biostatistics from, the results.
meaning, ■ A major branch of this is medical
biostatistics, which is exclusively
definition & concerned with medicine and
explanation) health.
What are these numbers?
66,79, 64
What are these numbers?
66,79, 64

The ages of Bongbong Marcos,


Rodrigo Duterte, and Noynoy
Aquino (as of the present)
What are these numbers?
66,79, 64
DAT
A
The ages of Bongbong Marcos,
Rodrigo Duterte, and Noynoy
Aquino (as of the present)
INFORMATI
ON
Numbers are data, when context
are added to those numbers, they
become information.
What is a “Variable”?
o Math – A value that may change within the
scope of a problem or situation (vs. a “constant”)
▪x
o Research – A logical set of attributes (gender,
age, etc.)
▪ Age
o Computers – A symbolic name given to an
unknown quantity.
▪ A$
Relationships Between
Variables
▪ In Math, the relationship between 2

❖ 𝐹(𝑥) = 210 − 𝑥
variables is written as a “function.”

▪ Maybe this is the relationship


between age and maximum attainable

❖ 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒


heart rate.

= 𝐻𝑅
There are two broad flavours of
variables (Types of Variables ;
Independent/Dependent Variable)
Dichotomous Variables
■The most common type of categorical
variable is “dichotomous”, meaning that it
has two levels or two possible values.
Why is this important?
✓ This is important because a
lot of the computations that will be
done in future lectures depend
upon whether or not the exposure
or outcome variables are
dichotomous, those are called two-
by-two contingency tables.
■“Dichotomize” means to convert a non-
dichotomous variable to a dichotomous
one.
■Categorizing Continuous Variables
Categorical variables with more levels
can also be created.
Sampling

■When doing population research, we often


need to perform analyses upon a sample
of the larger population

■We perform statistical analyses upon a


sample, from which we infer
characteristics of the larger population,
which is also called the “reference
population.”
Two Kinds of Statistics (Dichotomous Variables)

▪ Descriptive Statistics
❖ Just describing the people in front of
me.

▪ Inferential Statistics
❖ Using the information to learn
something about larger population at
hand
■ The sample comes from the larger
population, also called “reference
population.”
■The sample is extracted from the larger
population, then manipulated to learn
something about the larger population.
■Statistics are performed on this
representative sample in order to infer
properties about the reference population.
■It’s important that sample be
representative.
The Null Hypothesis
oWhat is it?
▪ It is a statement that there is no
relationship between the variables we are testing.
o Why do we care?
▪ Statistical tests allow us to either “reject” or
“fail to reject” the null hypothesis.
o Ho: the average number of subjects getting
better in the test group is no different from the
average number of subjects in the placebo group.
The p-Value
o A “p-value” is
computed from a
statistical test. It
tells us whether
we should reject
the null
hypothesis.
The p-Value
O Whether or not we
reject the null is
determined by
whether the p-value
is below a certain
cut-off, which we call
the alpha value.
Traditionally, we tend
to set 0.05 or 0.01
■A convenient, though inaccurate
interpretation is that the p-value is the
probability that your result was due to
chance → More accurately, the p-value
is the probability of your test
incorrectly rejecting the null, when
indeed the null hypothesis is true.
■o A useful memory aid: “If the p is
low, the null (hypothesis) must
go.”
Confidence Intervals
■ A confidence interval is another way to express
a statistical result along with its significance
level, without having to use a p-value.
o Gives us a range value where the answer
probably sits.
Example:
– The mean age of university students is 21
years old (18, 21.5).
– The “confidence interval” of the parameter
estimate.
Commonly Use Statistical
Tests

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