History of ICT

*Definition
*Generations of Computers
 ICT
• ICTis an acronym that stand for Information
Communication Technology.
• “ICT is the integration of information, processing,
computing and communication technologies. ICT is
changing the way we learn, work and live in society and
are often spoken of in a particular context, such as in
education, health care or libraries.”
• A good way to think about ICT is to consider all the uses
of digital technology that is already exist to help individual
business and organization use information. Importantly, It
is also concerned with the way these different uses can
work with each other.
Example:
• Personal computers, Digital television,medical
instruments,mobile phone, TV remote
controls,PDAs,email, robots etc.
 History of ICT
• IT professional’s has over stuffed to cover many features
of computing and technology and this word is more
familiar than ever before. Information Technology can be
quite large in Compassing many fields. Recently it has
become popular to broaden the term to explicitly include
the field of electronic communication so that people tend
to use the abbreviation ICT.
• The term Information Technology evolved in the 1970s. It
basic concept , however can be traced to the World war II
alliance of the millitry in the development of electronic,
computers and information theory. After the 1940s the
millitry remind the major source of research and
development funding for the expension of automation to
replace main power with machine power
Since the 1950s, the four generation of computer have
evolved. Each generation reflected a change to hardware of
decreased size but increased capabilities to control
computer operation.
 First Generation of Computers

• The first generation used vacuum tube technology and were built
between 1946 and 1959. Vacuum tubes were expensive and
produced a lot of heat, which made these computers very expensive
and only affordable to large organizations. Machine language was
the programming language used for these computers, and they could
not multitask.
• The ENIAC was the first electronic general-purpose computer that
used 18,000 vacuum tubes and was built in 1943 for war-related
calculations. Examples of the first generation include EDVAC, IBM-
650, IBM-701, Manchester Mark 1, Mark 2, etc.
Here are two of the main advantages of first-generation:
• The first generation was tough to hack and was quite strong.
• The first generation could perform calculations quickly, in
just one-thousandth of a second.
Here are two of the main disadvantages of first-generation:
• They consumed high amounts of energy/electricity.
• They were not portable due to their weight and size.
Second Generation of Computers

• The second generation of computers was developed in the late 1950s

and 1960s. These computers replaced vacuum tubes with transistors
making them smaller, faster and more efficient. This was done as
transistors were more reliable than vacuum tubes, required less
maintenance and generated less heat.
• Second-generation computers were smaller and more portable,
making them accessible to a wider audience. Magnetic core memory
was also introduced in this generation, which was faster and more
reliable. This laid the foundation for further developments, paving
the way for the third generation that used integrated circuits.
Here are two of the main advantages of second-generation:
• They provided better speed and improved accuracy.
• Computers developed in this era were smaller, more reliable, and
capable of using less power.
Here are two of the main disadvantages of second-generation:
• They were only used for specific objectives and required frequent
maintenance.
• The second generation of computer used punch cards for input, which
required frequent maintenance.
 Third Generation of Computers

• The third generation of computers emerged between 1964 and 1971.

This generation used microchips or integrated circuits, making it
possible to create smaller, cheaper, and much faster computers.
• The third generation of computers was much faster than previous
generations, with computational times reduced from microseconds to
nanoseconds. New input devices like the mouse and keyboard were
introduced, replacing older methods like punch cards. New
functionalities, like multiprogramming and time-sharing, and remote
processing, were introduced, allowing for more efficient use of
computer resources.
Here are two of the main advantages of first generation:
• The use of integrated circuits made them more reliable.
• Smaller in size and required less space than previous
generations.
Here are two of the main disadvantages of first generation:
• Advanced technology was needed to manufacture IC chips.
• Formal training was necessary to operate third-gen computers.
Fourth Generation of Computers

Fourth generation computers were developed in 1972 after third generation that
used microprocessors. They used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits, which
contained about 5000 transistors capable of performing complex activities and
computations.
Fourth generation computers were more adaptable, had more primary storage
capacity, were faster and more reliable than previous generations, and were also
portable, small, and required less electricity. Intel was the first company to develop a
microprocessor used in fourth generation computer.
Fourth generation computers used LSI chip technology and were incredibly powerful
but also very small, leading to a societal revolution in the computer industry. This
generation had the first supercomputers, used complex programming languages like
C, C++, DBASE, etc., and could perform many accurate calculations.
Here are two of the main advantages of first generation:
Fourth generation computers were smaller and more dependable.
GUI (Graphics User Interface) technology was used in this generation to
provide users with better comfort.
Here are two of the main disadvantages of first generation:
They use complex VLSI Chips, and VLSI Chip manufacturing requires
advanced technology.
To build these computers, Integrated Circuits (ICs) were required, and
to develop those, cutting-edge technology was needed.
 Fifth Generation of Computers

• The fifth generation of computers emerged after the fourth generation and is
still being developed. Computers of fifth generation use artificial intelligence
(AI) to perform various tasks. These computers use programming languages
such as Python, R, C#, Java, etc., as input methods.
• The fifth generation computers employ ULSI technology (Ultra Large Scale
Integration), parallel processing, and AI to perform scientific computations and
develop AI software. They can perform intricate tasks such as image
recognition, human speech interpretation, natural language understanding,
etc. Examples of fifth generation include laptops, desktops, notebooks,
chromebooks, etc.
• Here are two of the main advantages of first generation:
• These computers are lightweight and easy to move around.
• They are easier to repair and parallel processing technology has
improved in these computers.
• Here are two of the main disadvantages of first generation:
• Using it for spying on people.
• Fear of unemployment due to AI replacing jobs.
. The first commercial computer was the UNIVAC I,
Developed by John Eckert and John W.Mauchly in 1951s. It
was used by the census bureau to predict the outcome of
the 1952 presentor election.
• . For the next twenty five years, mainframe computer
were used in large corporation and manipulate large
amount of information stored in data basses super
computer were used in science and engineering, for
designing aircraft and for predicting worldwide weather
pattern. Mini computer came onto the seen in the early
1980s in small business,manufacturing plants and
factories.
 Computer:

•The term “Computer” comes from the Latin “Computus” and “Computare” .Both Latin words mean to
determine by mathematical means or by numerical methods.The English verb “compute” has the same
meaning.
• Basically, Computer is a programmable electronic device that performs mathematical
calculation and logical operation, especially one that can process, store and retrieve large amount of
information very quickly. Personal Computer are also employed for manuplating text or graphics,
accessing the internet, or playing games or media.
•Charles Babbage is known as the father of the computer because he was the first to invent the
Analytical Engine, which led to the invention of the modern-day computer. The Analytical Engine
consisted of an Arithmetic Logic Unit or ALU, an integrated memory, and a basic flow control involving
branching and loops
•The main components of a computer are:
1. A central processing unit (CPU),
2. A monitor,
3. A Keyboard,
4. And A Mouse.
 The Internet

• The internet was invented as a result of research conducted in the early 1960s by
visionary people like Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider of MIT. The latter saw the added value of
allowing computers to share information on research and development scientific and military
fields.That’s why, he proposed a global network of computers in 1962 and moved over the
defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in late 1962 to head the work to
develop it.
 The Web
• While many people use the terms Internet and the Web Interchangeably, they are not infact not
synonymous.The internet is a huge network that connect millions of computer together worldwide.
Computers in this network can communicate with any other computers as long as they are
connected to the internet.The web is a way of accessing information over the medium of the
internet.It is an information space or a model that is built on top of the internet where documents
and other web address.This space is interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the
internet. The World Wide Web was invented by English scientist Tim Berners–Lee in 1989.He
wrote the first web browser in1990 while employed at CERN in Switzerland.