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Lecture Slides 900

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12 views20 pages

Lecture Slides 900

Uploaded by

Jean Carlos Mingotti Baraldi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 0

Introduction

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley.


All rights reserved
Chapter 0: Introduction

• 0.1 The Role of Algorithms


• 0.2 The Origins of Computing Machines
• 0.3 The Science of Algorithms
• 0.4 Abstraction
• 0.5 An Outline of Our Study
• 0.6 Social Repercussions

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-2


Terminology

• Algorithm: A set of steps that defines how a


task is performed
• Program: A representation of an algorithm
• Programming: The process of developing a
program
• Software: Programs and algorithms.
• Hardware: Equipment

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-3


Figure 0.1 An algorithm for a
magic trick

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-4


History of Algorithms

• The study of algorithms was originally a


subject in mathematics.
• Early examples of algorithms
– Long division algorithm
– Euclidean Algorithm
• Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem: Some
problems cannot be solved by algorithms.

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-5


Figure 0.2 The Euclidean algorithm

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-6


Origins of Computing Machines

• Early computing devices


– Abacus: positions of beads represent numbers
– Gear-based machines (1600s-1800s)
• Positions of gears represent numbers
• Blaise Pascal, Wilhelm Leibniz, Charles Babbage

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-7


Figure 0.3 An Abacus

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-8


Early Data Storage

• Punched cards
– First used in Jacquard Loom (1801) to store patterns
for weaving cloth
– Stored programs in Babbage’s Analytical Engine
– Popular through the 1970’s
• Gear positions

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-9


Early Computers

• Based on mechanical relays


– 1940: Stibitz at Bell Laboratories
– 1944: Mark I: Howard Aiken and IBM at Harvard
• Based on vacuum tubes
– 1937-1941: Atanasoff-Berry at Iowa State
– 1940s: Colossus: secret German code-breaker
– 1940s: ENIAC: Mauchly & Eckert at U. of Penn.

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-10


Figure 0.4 The Mark I computer

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-11


Personal Computers

– First used by hobbyists


– IBM introduced the PC in 1981
• Accepted by business
• Became the standard hardware design for most desktop
computers
• Most PCs use software from Microsoft

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-12


Computer Science

• The science of algorithms


• Draws from other subjects, including
– Mathematics
– Engineering
– Psychology
– Business Administration
– Psychology

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-13


Central Questions of Computer
Science

• Which problems can be solved by algorithmic


processes?
• How can algorithm discovery be made easier?
• How can techniques of representing and
communicating algorithms be improved?
• How can our knowledge of algorithms and technology
be applied to provide better machines?
• How can characteristics of different algorithms be
analyzed and compared?

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-14


Figure 0.5 The central role of
algorithms in computer science

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-15


Abstraction

• Abstraction: The distinction between the


external properties of an entity and the details
of the entity’s internal composition
• Abstract tool: A “component” that can be used
without concern for the component’s internal
properties

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-16


Outline of Our Study

• Chapter 1: Data Storage


• Chapter 2: Data Manipulation
• Chapter 3: Operating Systems
• Chapter 4: Networks and the Internet
• Chapter 5: Algorithms

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-17


Outline of Our Study (continued)

• Chapter 6: Programming Languages


• Chapter 7: Software Engineering
• Chapter 8: Data Abstractions
• Chapter 9: Database Systems
• Chapter 10: Artificial Intelligence
• Chapter 11: Theory of Computation

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-18


Social Repercussions

• Advances in computer science raise new


questions.
– In law: Questions of rights and liabilities
– In government: Questions of regulation
– In the work place: Questions of professionalism
– In society: Questions of social behavior

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-19


Ethical Theories

• Consequence based:
What leads to the greatest benefit?
• Duty based:
What are my intrinsic obligations?
• Contract based:
What contracts must I honor?
• Character based:
Who do I want to be?

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-20

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